ArticleThe journal of spinal cord medicine2025
Use and experienced effectiveness of non-pharmacological treatments for chronic spinal cord injury related pain in The Netherlands: A cross-sectional survey.
Article in The journal of spinal cord medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed, 2 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pain Management Strategies and Adverse Effects of Opioids in Patients with Neurotrauma with Acute and Chronic Pain.Neurotrauma reports · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
CONTEXT/
objectiveChronic pain is a common secondary condition in spinal cord injury (SCI). Pharmacological interventions to reduce pain are associated with side effects. The reported effects of non-pharmacological treatments are unclear. This study aims to examine the self-reported presence and type of pain, and the use, effectiveness and side effects of non-pharmacological treatments for pain.
designCross-sectional survey regarding SCI-related pain and non-pharmacological treatments.
settingCommunity, the Netherlands.
participantsOutpatients with SCI from two rehabilitation centers.
interventionsNot applicable. OUTCOME MEASURES: Self-reported presence and type of pain, use, effectiveness and side effects of non-pharmacological treatments.
resultsA total of 371 patients (41.5%) returned the questionnaire. Median time since onset of SCI was 7 years. Pain following SCI was reported by 262 patients (70.6%). Neuropathic pain was reported most often (74.4%), followed by musculoskeletal pain (51.5%). Of patients with pain, 204 (77.9%) reported past or current use of non-pharmacological treatments. Non-pharmacological treatments used most were physiotherapy (67.6%), physical exercise (44.7%) and massage (22.5%). Of patients using non-pharmacological treatments, 152 patients (74.5%) reported the effect of their treatment. Most treatments for which the effect was reported, were described as moderately effective. Most side effects were reported for cannabis.
conclusionPatients with SCI experiencing pain often use non-pharmacological treatments. Most treatments were described as moderately effective. Research on specific non-pharmacological treatments and different types of pain separately is needed to further determine the effectiveness of non-pharmacological treatments.
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