A challenging diagnosis of chronic osteomyelitis in a child with congenital insensitivity to pain: a case report.

Introduction: Congenital insensitivity to pain (CIP) is a rare condition where individuals are born with an inability to perceive pain. This can lead to various complications in the skin, skeletal system, and other bodily systems. Chronic osteomyelitis is one of the possible manifestations of CIP, which can be difficult to diagnose and treat due to the lack of pain as a diagnostic criterion. Presentation: A 5-year-old boy with CIP developed chronic osteomyelitis in his right leg, presented with fever, claudication, swelling, and local heat for 2 months. He had a history of CIP since birth, diagnosed at 18 months of age. He also had a family history of CIP. He had previously suffered a shoulder fracture and had taken asthma medication for 1 year. He had experienced tonsillitis 2 months ago. On examination, he had hepatomegaly, enlarged lymph nodes in the groin, and a minor swelling on the right knee. He had an audible snapping sound during knee flexion. Blood tests showed increased inflammatory markers. Imaging studies confirmed presence of osteomyelitis, and bone biopsy revealed infection with Clinical discussion: Genetic factors behind CIP were discussed, highlighting challenges in diagnosis. Manifestations of CIP, diverse and age-related, include orthopaedic issues, ophthalmological effects, and thermoregulation disturbances. The patient's case is presented with unique features, necessitating a comprehensive diagnostic approach. Conclusion: This case highlights the challenges faced in diagnosing osteomyelitis among CIP patients and emphasizes the need for other diagnostic criteria apart from pain.