ArticleNational journal of maxillofacial surgery
Limonene synergistically augments fluconazole susceptibility in clinical
Article in National journal of maxillofacial surgery. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed, 2 citations in OpenAlex.
- Natural product based approaches to overcomeFrontiers in antibiotics · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Cleft lip and palate (CLP) patients are prone to Candida infections (oral thrush) mainly due to poor oral hygiene, repetitive surgeries, and orthodontic procedures. Aim: This study was undertaken to evaluate the antifungal efficacy of limonene against clinical Candida isolates from CLP patients. Materials and Methods: The antifungal efficacy of limonene was studied alone and in combination with fluconazole (FLC) against six standards, twenty nine FLC sensitive, and three FLC resistant clinical strains using broth dilution, checkerboard microdilution, agar disk diffusion, growth curves, and spot assays. Results: This nontoxic monoterpene gave low minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 300-375 µg/mL and 500-520 µg/mL for FLC susceptible and FLC resistant strains, respectively. It showed synergistic interaction with FLC in all clinical and standard Candida strains (fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index ≤0.5). Conclusion: Significant chemosensitization of FLC was observed even against resistant clinical isolates. Complete suppression of fungal growth was observed when using combinations. Negligible toxicity, easy availability, and potent antifungal properties suggest that limonene and FLC combinations in appropriate doses can make excellent antifungal mouthwashes during CLP treatment pre and post surgery. Impending in vivo studies are needed to validate the present data.
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