Evidence map›Paper›PMID 38689017›Full record

ArticleNature ecology & evolution2024

Social and environmental transmission spread different sets of gut microbes in wild mice.

Aura Raulo, Paul-Christian Bürkner, Genevieve E Finerty, Jarrah Dale, Eveliina Hanski, Holly M English, Curt Lamberth, Josh A Firth, Tim Coulson, Sarah C L Knowles

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Nature ecology & evolution, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
31citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

31 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. The island biology of the host microbiome.Trends in microbiology · 2026
    Review
  5. Article
  6. Review
  7. Article
  8. Interspecies interaction controlsProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026
    Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Human microbiome acquisition and transmission.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2025
    Review
  17. Article
  18. A phylogenetic approach to comparative genomics.Nature reviews. Genetics · 2025
    Review
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Aura RauloDepartment of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. aura.raulo@biology.ox.ac.uk.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4860-7840
Paul-Christian BürknerDepartment of Statistics, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany.
Genevieve E FinertyDepartment of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5266-5109
Jarrah DaleDepartment of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Eveliina HanskiDepartment of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1952-8724
Holly M EnglishSchool of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8854-6707
Curt LamberthDepartment of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2851-7146
Josh A FirthDepartment of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Tim CoulsonDepartment of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9371-9003
Sarah C L KnowlesDepartment of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. sarah.knowles@biology.ox.ac.uk.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2368-4623

Funding

EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020) n° 851550National Centre for the Replacement Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs) NC/R001103/1NERC Environmental Bioinformatics Centre (NEBC) NE.L011867/1University of Oxford (Oxford University) GAF1617_CB_ MPLS_1053243
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Gut microbes shape many aspects of organismal biology, yet how these key bacteria transmit among hosts in natural populations remains poorly understood. Recent work in mammals has emphasized either transmission through social contacts or indirect transmission through environmental contact, but the relative importance of different routes has not been directly assessed. Here we used a novel radio-frequency identification-based tracking system to collect long-term high-resolution data on social relationships, space use and microhabitat in a wild population of mice (Apodemus sylvaticus), while regularly characterizing their gut microbiota with 16S ribosomal RNA profiling. Through probabilistic modelling of the resulting data, we identify positive and statistically distinct signals of social and environmental transmission, captured by social networks and overlap in home ranges, respectively. Strikingly, microorganisms with distinct biological attributes drove these different transmission signals. While the social network effect on microbiota was driven by anaerobic bacteria, the effect of shared space was most influenced by aerotolerant spore-forming bacteria. These findings support the prediction that social contact is important for the transfer of microorganisms with low oxygen tolerance, while those that can tolerate oxygen or form spores may be able to transmit indirectly through the environment. Overall, these results suggest social and environmental transmission routes can spread biologically distinct members of the mammalian gut microbiota.

Indexed as

Gastrointestinal MicrobiomeAnimalsBacteriaFemaleMaleMiceMurinaeRNA, Ribosomal, 16SSocial BehaviorRNA, Ribosomal, 16S

Identifiers

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.