ArticleInternational dental journal2024
Interaction Between Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Zinc Intake and Its Effect on Periodontitis: Evidence From NHANES.
Article in International dental journal, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and periodontitis in non-smokers: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC oral health · 2026Pooled it
- The association of lead and cadmium exposure with periodontitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC oral health · 2025Pooled it
- Effects of Phthalate Exposure on Oral Microbiome Diversity and Enrichment of Gemella and Streptococcus.International dental journal · 2026Article
- Diet, Exercise, and Lifestyle in Glaucoma: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Joint association between tobacco smoke exposure and periodontitis and glycemic status.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aimTobacco smoke exposure, zinc intake, and periodontitis are closely related. This study intended to assess the relationship between tobacco smoke exposure and zinc intake and its effect on periodontitis. MATERIALS AND
methodsThis cross-sectional study included 9364 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) of USA. A weighted multivariate logistic regression model was used to investigate the independent relationship and interaction effect among tobacco smoke exposure, zinc intake, and periodontitis. Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated. The additive interaction was evaluated using relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI), attributable proportion of interaction (AP), and synergy index (SI).
resultsIn all, 56.57% participants had periodontitis. Compared with participants without tobacco smoke exposure, those with tobacco smoke exposure had increased odds of having periodontitis (OR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.67-2.31). Similarly, patients with adequate zinc intake were found to have decreased odds of having periodontitis than those with inadequate zinc intake (OR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.76-0.98). Importantly, there was antagonistic interaction effect between zinc intake and tobacco smoke exposure on periodontitis (RERI: OR, -0.432; 95% CI, -0.829 to -0.034; AP: OR, -0.242; 95% CI, -0.470 to -0.014; SI: OR, 0.645; 95% CI, 0.446 to 0.932).
conclusionsTobacco smoke exposure and zinc intake were independently correlated with periodontitis risk. Decreasing tobacco smoke exposure and optimizing dietary zinc intake appear to be important measures that could be taken to control periodontitis.
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Registered trials
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