SynthesisBritish journal of anaesthesia2024
Risk factors, biomarkers, and mechanisms for persistent inflammation, immunosuppression, and catabolism syndrome (PICS): a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in British journal of anaesthesia, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The urea-to-creatinine ratio as an emerging biomarker in critical care: a scoping review and meta-analysis.Critical care (London, England) · 2025Pooled it
- Persistent immune, coagulation and cardiac dysregulation are correlated with later post-discharge mortality in children with severe malnutrition.BMC medicine · 2026Trial
- Persistent inflammation, immunosuppression, and catabolism syndrome: from conceptual framework to biological endotype.Intensive care medicine · 2026Article
- Real-World Effectiveness of Ceftazidime-Avibactam for Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Pneumonia, Time-Stratified Risk Factors for Short- and Long-Term Mortality, and Inpatient Costs: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2026Article
- Enhanced prediction of coronary heart disease risk in diabetic patients via Machine learning incorporating multiple inflammatory and metabolic indices: A study with Dual-Cohort validation.International journal of cardiology. Heart & vasculature · 2026Article
- Dynamic prognostic nutritional index and 28-day mortality in sepsis: a joint modeling analysis.Nutrition & metabolism · 2026Article
- Early Prediction and Prognostic Value of Chronic Critical Illness and Persistent Inflammation, Immunosuppression, and Catabolism Syndrome in Patients with Severe Acute Pancreatitis: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Pediatric Critical Illness, Immunometabolism and Cardiovascular Risk: A Narrative Review.Minerva pediatrics · 2026Article
- A Nomogram for Early Prediction of Inflammation, Catabolism, and Immunosuppression Syndrome in Critically Ill Patients.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- The ICS triad in critical illness: a time-dependent pathological driver of mortality and organ dysfunction.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Association between urea-to-creatinine ratio trajectories and clinical outcomes in chronic critical illness patients: a retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Epidemiological characteristics, SAP-associated sepsis, and prognostic analysis of persistent inflammation- immunosuppression-catabolism syndrome in severe acute pancreatitis patients after percutaneous drainage: a retrospective study.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Article
- Post-intensive care syndrome: a state-of-the-art review.Singapore medical journal · 2026Review
- Post-intensive Care Syndrome (PICS): an American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Critical Care Committee Consensus Guideline - Defining, Recognizing, and Managing PICS Associated Physical Impairment, Cognitive Dysfunction, and Thromboinflammatory Dysregulation.Trauma surgery & acute care open · 2026Article
- Impact of systemic immune-inflammation index and systemic inflammation response index on all-cause and cause-specific mortality: a community-based cohort study.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Musculoskeletal Sequelae of Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: A Systematic Review.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Predictors of Post-Intensive Care Syndrome in ICU Survivors After Discharge: An Observational Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- In vivo anti-inflammatory evaluation of oxadiazole derivatives bearing flurbiprofen moiety using experimental and computational approaches.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Oxidative stress and inflammation mediate the adverse effects of cadmium exposure on all-cause and cause-specific mortality in patients with diabetes and prediabetes.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2025Article
- Roles of cytokine storm in sepsis progression: biomarkers, and emerging therapeutic strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionPersistent inflammation, immunosuppression, and catabolism syndrome (PICS) has been proposed as an endotype of chronic critical illness (CCI). The aim of this systematic review is to synthesise the available evidence of risk factors, biomarkers, and biological mechanisms underlying PICS.
methodsMEDLINE, CENTRAL, and EMBASE were searched on June 2, 2023. Our population of interest was adult intensive care unit survivors. The exposure group was patients with PICS and the comparator group was patients with no PICS, CCI, or rapid recovery. Mean differences were pooled for each biomarker using a random effects DerSimonian-Laird method. Risk of bias assessment was done using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.
resultsSix papers were included. Five were single-centre retrospective cohort studies, and one was a prospective cohort study, with sample sizes ranging from 22 to 391 patients. Two studies showed an increased incidence of PICS with age, and two studies showed an association between PICS and Charlson Comorbidity Index scores. PICS was associated with requiring mechanical ventilation in four studies. Meta-analysis showed a 34.4 mg L
conclusionsWhile older patients and those with co-morbidities could be at greater risk for PICS, acquired risk factors, such as injury severity, are potentially more predictive of PICS than intrinsic patient characteristics. There are many potential biomarkers for PICS, but limited validation studies have been conducted. Persistent myeloid-derived suppressor cell expansion, the continual release of danger-associated molecular patterns and pathogen-associated molecular patterns propagating inflammation, and bioenergetic failure are all mechanisms underlying PICS that could offer potential for novel biomarkers and therapeutic interventions. CLINICAL
trial registrationInternational Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO; CRD42023427749).
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