Trial reportPsychotherapy and psychosomatics2024
Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation versus Treatment as Usual for ICD-11 Complex PTSD: A Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial (The RESTORE Trial).
Trial report in Psychotherapy and psychosomatics, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Psychological mediators of the associations between adverse and benevolent childhood experiences and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of traumatic stress · 2026Pooled it
- Doubt regarding abuse-related appraisals and identification with the aggressor as predictors of complex PTSD in female child abuse survivors.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2026Article
- Treatment discontinuation in a post-disaster outpatient clinic: A retrospective cohort study of post-traumatic stress disorder and complex post-traumatic stress disorder in Fukushima, Japan.PCN reports : psychiatry and clinical neurosciences · 2026Article
- Psychological Interventions for Reducing Interpersonal Problems and Enhancing Interpersonal Competence among Adolescents with Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis.Journal of child & adolescent trauma · 2026Article
- Review
- Treatment as usual psychological therapy for complex post-traumatic stress disorder in National Health Services in Scotland.The British journal of clinical psychology · 2026Article
- Adverse mental health outcomes and alcohol misuse among UK Armed Forces personnel: fourth phase of a 20-year cohort study of military personnel who served during the Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts.Occupational and environmental medicine · 2026Article
- SPECTRA: A Conceptual Framework to Bridge Praxis and Remap Relational Violence in India Using a Complex Trauma Lens.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Psychotherapy for complex post-traumatic stress disorder: efficacy and therapeutic factors.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Review
- Sensory modulation difficulties and complex PTSD among child abuse survivors.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2025Article
- Navigating the landscape of trauma treatments: the need for personalized care.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2025Article
- The promise of ICD-11-defined PTSD and complex PTSD to improve care for trauma-exposed populations.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2025Article
- Shame and Guilt Proneness as Mediators of PTSD/DSO Symptoms in Young Adults.Clinical psychology & psychotherapyArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionComplex PTSD (CPTSD) is a relatively new condition in ICD-11. This pilot randomised controlled trial aimed to compare a four-module intervention developed to target all symptoms of ICD-11 CPTSD, namely Enhanced Skills in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation (ESTAIR) with treatment as usual (TAU). The purpose of the study was to assess feasibility, safety, acceptability, and preliminary outcomes at the end of treatment and 3-month follow-up.
methodsA total of N = 56 eligible veterans with CPTSD were randomised to either ESTAIR (n = 28) or TAU (n = 28). Linear mixed models were conducted to assess CPTSD severity, the primary outcome, as measured by the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ).
resultsTreatment dropout in ESTAIR and TAU was low and equivalent (18% vs. 11%; χ2 (1) = 1.19, p = 0.275), and study retention was high, supporting the feasibility of the study. No serious adverse effects and very few adverse effects occurred, none of which were deemed related to the study. ESTAIR provided significantly greater reduction in CPTSD severity across time for ITQ PTSD (p < 0.001) and DSO (p < 0.001) symptoms. CPTSD pre-to-post effect sizes for ESTAIR were large (PTSD d = 1.78; DSO d = 2.00). Remission of probable CPTSD diagnosis at post-treatment was substantially greater in ESTAIR compared to TAU with only 13.6% versus 84% (p < 0.001) retaining the diagnosis.
conclusionA trial of ESTAIR versus TAU for the treatment of ICD-11 CPTSD indicates the potential efficacy of ESTAIR as well as its feasibility, safety, and acceptability.
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