ArticleJournal of analytical toxicology2024
Insights into the human metabolism of hexahydrocannabinol by non-targeted liquid chromatography-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry.
Article in Journal of analytical toxicology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Interpol review of forensic drug chemistry, 2022-2025.Forensic science international. Synergy · 2026Review
- A Sustainable Air-Assisted Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Procedure Coupled to Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of 11-Nor-9-carboxy-ΔJournal of xenobiotics · 2026Article
- Preliminary pharmacokinetic investigations of hydroxylated metabolites after controlled inhalative and oral consumption of hexahydrocannabinol (HHC).Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Hexahydrocannabinol-induced rhabdomyolysis and acute kidney injury: a case report combining comprehensive toxicokinetic and metabolomic investigations.Journal of cannabis research · 2026Article
- Cross-reactivity of the epimers of 11-nor-9-carboxy-hexahydrocannabinol, metabolites of hexahydrocannabinol, with panel tests for urinary ΔForensic toxicology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Hexahydrocannabinol (HHC), 6,6,9-trimethyl-3-pentyl-6a,7,8,9,10,10a-hexahydrobenzo[c]chromen-1-ol, is a semi-synthetic cannabinoid that has presented challenges to analytical laboratories due to its emergence and spread in the drug market. The lack of information on human pharmacokinetics hinders the development and application of presumptive and confirmatory tests for reliably detecting HHC consumption. To address this knowledge gap, we report the analytical results obtained from systematic forensic toxicological analysis of body-fluid samples collected from three individuals suspected of drug-impaired driving after HHC consumption. Urine and plasma samples were analyzed using non-targeted liquid chromatography-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. The results provided evidence that HHC undergoes biotransformation reactions similar to other well-characterized cannabinoids, such as ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol or cannabidiol. Notably, HHC itself was only detectable in plasma samples, not in urine samples. The observed Phase I reactions involved oxidation of C11 and the pentyl side chain, leading to corresponding hydroxylated and carboxylic acid species. Additionally, extensive glucuronidation of HHC and its Phase I metabolites was evident.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.