ArticleMetabolic brain disease2024
Glioma hexokinase 3 positively correlates with malignancy and macrophage infiltration.
Article in Metabolic brain disease, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Expression profile and prognostic relevance of immune infiltration-related RBMS1 in gliomas: a multidimensional integrative analysis.Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology · 2025Article
- Reliable hexokinase 3 protein detection in human cell lines and primary tissue.European journal of histochemistry : EJH · 2025Article
- SEC61G Facilitates Brain Metastases via Antagonizing PGAM1 Ubiquitination and Immune Microenvironment Remodeling in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.International journal of biological sciences · 2025Article
- Targeting immune microenvironment-mediated mesenchymal transition in glioblastoma: Molecular mechanisms and translational strategies.Neuro-oncology advancesReview
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Abstract
backgroundGlioma is the main subtype of primary central nervous system (CNS) tumor with high malignancy and poor prognosis under current therapeutic approaches. Glycolysis and suppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) are key markers of glioma with great importance for aggressive features of glioma and inferior clinical outcomes. Hexokinase 3 (HK3) is an important rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis, but its function in glioma remains unknown.
methodsThis study comprehensively assessed the expression distribution and immunological effect of HK3 via pan-cancer analysis based on datasets from Genotype Tissue Expression (GTEx), Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE), and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Furthermore, it explored the malignant phenotype and genomic landscape between low-HK3 and high-HK3 expression groups in gliomas from Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) and TCGA. Moreover, data from the TIMER website predicted the relationship between macrophage infiltration and HK3 expression. Also, single-cell sequencing data were used to validate the relationship.
resultsFor pan-cancer patients, HK3 was expressed in various cancers. The results showed that HK3 was highly expressed in gliomas and positively correlated with tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs), immune checkpoints, immunomodulators, and chemokines. Meanwhile, HK3 expression was highest in normal immune cells and tissues. In gliomas, the expression of HK3 was found to be closely correlated with the malignant clinical characteristics and the infiltration of macrophages. Also, HK3 was proven to be positively associated with macrophage through single-cell sequencing data and immunohistochemistry techniques. Finally, it is predicted that samples with high HK3 expression are often malignant entities and also significant genomic aberrations of driver oncogenes.
conclusionsThis is the first comprehensive research to figure out the relationship between HK3 and TME characteristics in gliomas. HK3 is positively associated with macrophage infiltration and can induce the immunosuppressive TME and malignant phenotype of gliomas.
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