Rutin-coated zinc oxide nanoparticles: a promising antivirulence formulation against pathogenic bacteria.

The use of engineered nanoparticles against pathogenic bacteria has gained attention. In this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles conjugated with rutin were synthesized and their antivirulence properties against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The physicochemical characteristics of ZnO-Rutin NPs were investigated using SEM, FT-IR, XRD, DLS, EDS, and zeta potential analyses. Antimicrobial properties were evaluated by well diffusion, microdilution, growth curve, and hemolytic activity assays. The expression of quorum sensing (QS) genes including the lasI and rhlI in P. aeruginosa and agrA in S. aureus was assessed using real-time PCR. Swimming, swarming, twitching, and pyocyanin production by P. aeruginosa were evaluated. The NPs were amorphous, 14-100 nm in diameter, surface charge of -34.3 mV, and an average hydrodynamic size of 161.7 nm. Regarding the antibacterial activity, ZnO-Rutin NPs were more potent than ZnO NPs and rutin, and stronger inhibitory effects were observed on S. aureus than on P. aeruginosa. ZnO-Rutin NPs inhibited the hemolytic activity of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus by 93.4 and 92.2%, respectively, which was more efficient than bare ZnO NPs and rutin. ZnO-Rutin NPs reduced the expression of the lasI and rhlI in P. aeruginosa by 0.17-0.43 and 0.37-0.70 folds, respectively while the expression of the agrA gene in S. aureus was decreased by 0.46-0.56 folds. Furthermore, ZnO-Rutin NPs significantly reduced the swimming and twitching motility and pyocyanin production of P. aeruginosa. This study demonstrates the antivirulence features of ZnO-Rutin NPs against pathogenic bacteria which can be associated with their QS inhibitory effects.