ArticleClinical trials (London, England)2024
Causal interpretation of the hazard ratio in randomized clinical trials.
Article in Clinical trials (London, England), 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed.
- Estimating clinical trial hazard functions.Clinical trials (London, England) · 2026Article
- The Effect of Covariate Adjustment for Cox Regression in Cardiovascular Outcome Trials.Therapeutic innovation & regulatory science · 2026Article
- Doubly Robust Estimators of the Restricted Mean Time in Favor Estimands in Individual- and Cluster-Randomized Trials.Statistics in medicine · 2026Article
- On flexible covariate adjustment under covariate-constrained randomization.Clinical trials (London, England) · 2026Article
- Principal stratification with U-statistics under principal ignorability.Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B, Statistical methodology · 2026Article
- Article
- Estimands and Doubly Robust Estimation for Cluster-Randomized Trials With Survival Outcomes.Statistics in medicine · 2026Article
- Reconstructing Pseudo Individual Patient-Level Data From Published Survival Curves in Cardiovascular Trials.Journal of the American College of Cardiology · 2026Article
- Robust Statistical Approaches to Understanding the Causal Effect of Air Pollution Mixtures.Research report (Health Effects Institute) · 2025Article
- Revisiting Hazard Ratios: Can We Define Causal Estimands for Time-Dependent Treatment Effects?Biometrical journal. Biometrische Zeitschrift · 2025Article
- Correcting for bias due to mismeasured exposure in mediation analysis with a survival outcome.Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series C, Applied statistics · 2025Article
- Using overlap weights to address extreme propensity scores in estimating restricted mean counterfactual survival times.American journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- One-step parametric network meta-analysis models using the exact likelihood that allow for time-varying treatment effects.Research synthesis methods · 2025Article
- Revisiting the hazards of hazard ratios through simulations and case studies.European journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- A new method for dealing with collider bias in the PWP model for recurrent events in randomized controlled trials.BMC medical research methodology · 2025Article
- Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighting Using the Propensity Score With Competing Risks in Survival Analysis.Statistics in medicine · 2025Article
- Reply to Heitjan's commentary.Clinical trials (London, England) · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAlthough the hazard ratio has no straightforward causal interpretation, clinical trialists commonly use it as a measure of treatment effect.
methodsWe review the definition and examples of causal estimands. We discuss the causal interpretation of the hazard ratio from a two-arm randomized clinical trial, and the implications of proportional hazards assumptions in the context of potential outcomes. We illustrate the application of these concepts in a synthetic model and in a model of the time-varying effects of COVID-19 vaccination.
resultsWe define causal estimands as having either an
conclusionWe conclude that the population-level hazard ratio remains a useful estimand, but one must interpret it with appropriate attention to the underlying causal model. This is especially important for interpreting hazard ratios over time.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.