ArticleVaccines2024
Design and Characterization of a New Formulation for the Delivery of COVID-19-mRNA Vaccine to the Nasal Mucosa.
Article in Vaccines, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) and circular RNA (circRNA) vaccines: Progress, evidence gaps, and translational pathways for durable and scalable immunization.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- Induction of mucosal immune responses against SARS-CoV-2: a heterologous intramuscular mRNA-LNP prime/pulmonary recombinant subunit pull vaccination strategy.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Stabilization strategies and advancements in lyophilization to preserve integrity and efficacy of next-generation biologicals.International journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2026Review
- Lipid Nanoparticle Surface Engineering with Heparosan Polysaccharides for Safe and Effective mRNA DeliveryACS applied materials & interfaces · 2026Article
- Intranasal Vaccine Adjuvants and Delivery Platforms: From Barrier Mechanisms to Clinical Translation.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Comparable immunogenicity from murine blood collection methods in intranasal gonococcal vaccination with ACP and MtrE supports refinement of preclinical vaccine studies.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Possible Ways of Reducing Adverse Events Associated with mRNA Vaccines Encapsulated in Lipid Nanoparticles.Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine · 2026Review
- Article
- Chitosan as a Vaccine Adjuvant: From Material Determinants to Innate Immune Activation and Formulation Optimization.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Lipid nanoparticle-based mRNA platforms for mucosal HIV vaccines: formulation advances, immune mechanisms, and translational pathways.Archives of microbiology · 2025Review
- Delivery Systems of mRNA Vaccines in the Treatment of Infectious Diseases: From Lipid Nanoparticles to Next-Generation Platforms.Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin · 2025Review
- Chitosan-Based Nanogels in Modern Drug Delivery: Focus on Protein and Gene Applications.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- From genetic code to global health: the impact of nucleic acid vaccines on disease prevention and treatment.RSC medicinal chemistry · 2025Review
- Revolutionizing mRNA Vaccines Through Innovative Formulation and Delivery Strategies.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- Intranasal and Pulmonary Lipid Nanoparticles for Gene Delivery: Turning Challenges into Opportunities.International journal of nanomedicine · 2025Review
- SARS-CoV-2 Evolution: Implications for Diagnosis, Treatment, Vaccine Effectiveness and Development.Vaccines · 2024Review
- Emerging Cationic Nanovaccines.Pharmaceutics · 2024Review
- Development of Proniosome Gel Formulation for CHIKV Infection.Pharmaceutics · 2024Article
- A Unique mRNA Vaccine Elicits Protective Efficacy against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant and SARS-CoV.Vaccines · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Chitosan, a natural polysaccharide derived from chitin, possesses biocompatibility, biodegradability, and mucoadhesive characteristics, making it an attractive material for the delivery of mRNA payloads to the nasal mucosa and promoting their uptake by target cells such as epithelial and immune cells (e.g., dendritic cells and macrophages). In this project, we aimed at developing novel lipid-based nanoformulations for mRNA delivery to counteract the pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus. The formulations achieved a mRNA encapsulation efficiency of ~80.2% with chitosan-lipid nanoparticles, as measured by the RiboGreen assay. Furthermore, the evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) receptor-binding domain (RBD) expression via ELISA for our vaccine formulations showed transfection levels in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK 293), lung carcinoma cells (A549), and dendritic cells (DC 2.4) equal to 9.9 ± 0.1 ng/mL (174.7 ± 1.1 fold change from untreated cells (UT)), 7.0 ± 0.2 ng/mL (128.1 ± 4.9 fold change from UT), and 0.9 ± 0.0 ng/mL (18.0 ± 0.1 fold change from UT), respectively. Our most promising vaccine formulation was also demonstrated to be amenable to lyophilization with minimal degradation of loaded mRNA, paving the way towards a more accessible and stable vaccine. Preliminary in vivo studies in mice were performed to assess the systemic and local immune responses. Nasal bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) wash showed that utilizing the optimized formulation resulted in local antibody concentrations and did not trigger any systemic antibody response. However, if further improved and developed, it could potentially contribute to the management of COVID-19 through nasopharyngeal immunization strategies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.