ReviewPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)2024
Advances and Challenges in Targeting TGF-β Isoforms for Therapeutic Intervention of Cancer: A Mechanism-Based Perspective.
Review in Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland), 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Heart failure may promote breast cancer progression through a Col10a1-associated Tgf-β/Smad-EMT pathway.Biology direct · 2026Article
- Innovative treatment approaches for azoospermia: causes, emerging techniques, and future directions.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Review
- Research Progress on the Molecular Mechanism of LRP1 and TGFβ-PDGFRβ Signaling Network in Atherosclerosis and Vascular Remodeling.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Article
- TGF-β in tumor development and progression: mechanisms and therapeutics.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- Predictive Value of Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index Combined with D-Dimer Levels and Injury Severity Score for the Prognosis of Patients with Multiple Injuries: A Retrospective Analysis.Open access emergency medicine : OAEM · 2026Article
- TGFβ Blockade by Inhibition of Enolase-1-Mediated Plasmin Targets Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma.Oncology research · 2026Article
- Spatial associations between esophageal lesions and surrounding tissues in esophageal fistula: a CAM-guided radiomics study.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- TGF-β: The Molecular Mechanisms of Atherosclerosis - insights into SMAD Pathways and Gene Therapy Prospects.Current medicinal chemistry · 2026Review
- The resilient subset: cancer stem cells at the core of immunotherapy resistance.Immunotherapy advances · 2026Review
- SurfDiff: protein surface profiling for selective or broadly reactive epitope prioritisation in binder and immunogen design.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Health and Disease: Molecular Insights and Therapeutic Implications.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Unlocking Lung Cancer Cell Dormancy: An Epigenetic Perspective.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Targeting TGF-β signaling in glioblastoma: therapeutic implications and novel drug development strategies.Brain tumor pathology · 2025Review
- Role of Growth Factors in the Pathogenesis of Systemic-Sclerosis-Associated Fibrosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Next-generation oncology: integrative therapeutic frontiers at the crossroads of precision genomics, immuno-engineering, and tumor microenvironment modulation.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2025Review
- TGF-β-Enriched Exosomes from Acute Myeloid Leukemia Activate Smad2/3-MMP2 and ERK1/2 Signaling to Promote Leukemic Cell Proliferation, Migration, and Immune Modulation.Current issues in molecular biology · 2025Article
- Tackling tumor hypoxia: advances in breaking the oncogenic HIF-1α-p300/CBP alliance.Investigational new drugs · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The TGF-β family is a group of 25 kDa secretory cytokines, in mammals consisting of three dimeric isoforms (TGF-βs 1, 2, and 3), each encoded on a separate gene with unique regulatory elements. Each isoform plays unique, diverse, and pivotal roles in cell growth, survival, immune response, and differentiation. However, many researchers in the TGF-β field often mistakenly assume a uniform functionality among all three isoforms. Although TGF-βs are essential for normal development and many cellular and physiological processes, their dysregulated expression contributes significantly to various diseases. Notably, they drive conditions like fibrosis and tumor metastasis/progression. To counter these pathologies, extensive efforts have been directed towards targeting TGF-βs, resulting in the development of a range of TGF-β inhibitors. Despite some clinical success, these agents have yet to reach their full potential in the treatment of cancers. A significant challenge rests in effectively targeting TGF-βs' pathological functions while preserving their physiological roles. Many existing approaches collectively target all three isoforms, failing to target just the specific deregulated ones. Additionally, most strategies tackle the entire TGF-β signaling pathway instead of focusing on disease-specific components or preferentially targeting tumors. This review gives a unique historical overview of the TGF-β field often missed in other reviews and provides a current landscape of TGF-β research, emphasizing isoform-specific functions and disease implications. The review then delves into ongoing therapeutic strategies in cancer, stressing the need for more tools that target specific isoforms and disease-related pathway components, advocating mechanism-based and refined approaches to enhance the effectiveness of TGF-β-targeted cancer therapies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.