Evidence map›Paper›PMID 38669894›Full record

ArticleSocial science & medicine (1982)2024

Uncontrolled vaping and restraint strategies: A qualitative study.

Callie Whitesell, Thomas H Blount, Susan Alton Dailey, Marissa G Hall, Kurt M Ribisl, Paschal Sheeran, Mohammad Ebrahimi Kalan, Noel T Brewer

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Social science & medicine (1982), 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Development of Survey Measures of Uncontrolled Vaping and Vaping Restraint.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2025
    Article
  3. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Callie WhitesellDepartment of Health Behavior, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Rosenau Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, USA, 27599.
Thomas H BlountDepartment of Health Behavior, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Rosenau Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, USA, 27599.
Susan Alton DaileyDepartment of Health Behavior, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Rosenau Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, USA, 27599.
Marissa G HallDepartment of Health Behavior, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Rosenau Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, USA, 27599; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 450 West Dr, Chapel Hill, NC, USA, 27599; Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 123 West Franklin St, Chapel Hill, NC, USA, 27516.
Kurt M RibislDepartment of Health Behavior, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Rosenau Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, USA, 27599; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 450 West Dr, Chapel Hill, NC, USA, 27599.
Paschal SheeranLineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 450 West Dr, Chapel Hill, NC, USA, 27599; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 235 E. Cameron Avenue, Chapel Hill, NC, USA, 27599.
Mohammad Ebrahimi KalanDepartment of Health Behavior, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Rosenau Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, USA, 27599; Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA, 23501.
Noel T BrewerDepartment of Health Behavior, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Rosenau Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, USA, 27599; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 450 West Dr, Chapel Hill, NC, USA, 27599. Electronic address: ntb@unc.edu.

Funding

Informing ENDS policies: Studying the impact of e-cigarette warnings on behaviorR01DA048390 · NIDA · UNIV OF NORTH CAROLINA CHAPEL HILL · PI BREWER, NOEL TODD · 2020 to 2025
$2.5M
Understanding uncontrolled vaping among vulnerable populationsR01CA246606 · NCI · UNIV OF NORTH CAROLINA CHAPEL HILL · PI BREWER, NOEL TODD · 2020 to 2022
$1.4M
NCI NIH HHS R01 CA246606NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA048390
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionLittle is known about uncontrolled vaping, defined as vaping more than the user prefers. We sought to understand e-cigarette users' experiences with uncontrolled vaping and how they restrain their vaping.

methodsParticipants were 24 US adult e-cigarette users recruited in 2021. We conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews about uncontrolled vaping and restraint strategies and analyzed findings based on behavioral categories described in the Process Model of Self-Control.

resultsWhile most participants (21 of 24) described experiences of uncontrolled vaping, some expressed ambivalence about how much they vaped. To restrain vaping, willpower was rarely used and was not perceived as effective. Distraction, deployment of attention away from the urge to vape, and reappraisal, thinking differently about vaping such as reminding oneself of health consequences, were common and helped some participants limit use in the moment of wanting to vape. Participants described using both situation selection, choosing to be in situations where e-cigarette use was less possible, and situation modification, modifying their circumstances to restrict opportunities to vape. DISCUSSION: Uncontrolled vaping is not yet a well-defined concept for many e-cigarette users. E-cigarette users employed proactive situational strategies that required planning ahead to restrain use and found these strategies more effective compared to reactive strategies. Tobacco control programs and interventions should consider leveraging restraint strategies that people who vape are naturally using and perceive to be effective.

Indexed as

Qualitative ResearchVapingAdultElectronic Nicotine Delivery SystemsFemaleHumansInterviews as TopicMaleMiddle AgedSelf-ControlUnited StatesYoung AdultAddictionCo-substance useElectronic nicotine Delivery deviceNicotine

Identifiers

PMID38669894
PMCPMC11348397

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.