Gamified learning for resuscitation education: A systematic review.

Aim: To systematically review published literature to evaluate the impact of gamified learning on educational and clinical outcomes during life support education. Methods: This systematic review was conducted as part of the continuous evidence evaluation process of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR). A search of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane was conducted from inception until February 12, 2024. Studies examining incorporation of gamified learning were eligible for inclusion. Reviewers independently extracted data on study design and outcomes; appropriate risk of bias assessment tools were used across all outcomes. Results: 2261 articles were identified and screened, yielding sixteen articles (seven randomized trials, nine observational studies) which comprised the final review. No meta-analyses were conducted due to significant heterogeneity of intervention, population, and outcome. Only one study was found to have a low risk of bias; the remaining studies were found to have moderate to high risk. Fourteen studies were in healthcare providers and two were in laypersons. Most studies (11 of 16) examined the impact of a digital platform (computer or smartphone). Most (15 of 16) studies found a positive effect on at least one educational domain; one study found no effect. No included study found a negative effect on any educational domain. Conclusion: This systematic review found a very heterogeneous group of studies with low certainty evidence, all but one of which demonstrated a positive effect on one or more educational domains. Future studies should examine the underlying causes of improved learning with gamification and assess the resource requirements with implementation and dissemination of gamified learning.