Evidence map›Paper›PMID 38665381›Full record

ArticleHealth equity2024

"Hang Ups, Let Downs, Bad Breaks, Setbacks": Impact of Structural Socioeconomic Racism and Resilience on Cognitive Change Over Time for Persons Racialized as Black.

Paris B Adkins-Jackson, Boeun Kim, César Higgins Tejera, Tiffany N Ford, Ariana N Gobaud, Kyler J Sherman-Wilkins, Indira C Turney, Justina F Avila-Rieger, Kendra D Sims, Safiyyah M Okoye and 12 more

Open access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Health equity, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
11citing papers in PubMed
11.9field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

11 citing papers in PubMed, 14 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Trial
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Cohort Differences in Perceived Discrimination Trajectories among Aging Black Americans.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2025
    Article
  6. Conceptualizing and Measuring Systemic Racism.Annual review of public health · 2025
    Review
  7. Resistance and resilience to Alzheimer's disease in Down syndrome.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025
    Review
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

22 authors at 10 institutions in 1 country.

Paris B Adkins-JacksonDepartment of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3618-449X
Boeun KimSchool of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
César Higgins TejeraDepartment of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Tiffany N FordDivision of Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Ariana N GobaudDepartment of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
Kyler J Sherman-WilkinsDepartment of Sociology and Anthropology, Missouri State University, Springfield, Missouri, USA.
Indira C TurneyDepartment of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease & The Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
Justina F Avila-RiegerDepartment of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease & The Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
Kendra D SimsDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
Safiyyah M OkoyeDepartment of Graduate Nursing, College of Nursing and Health Professions and Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Daniel W BelskyDepartment of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
Tanisha G Hill-JarrettDepartment of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
Laura SamuelSchool of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Gabriella SolomonDepartment of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
Jack H CleeveDepartment of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
Gilbert GeeDepartment of Community Health Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Roland J ThorpeAlzheimer's Disease Resource Center for Minority Aging Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Deidra C CrewsSchool of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Rachel R HardemanCenter for Antiracism Research for Health Equity, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
Zinzi D BaileyDepartment of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
Sarah L SzantonSchool of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Jennifer J ManlyDepartment of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease & The Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
Columbia University · USJohns Hopkins University · USUniversity of California, San Francisco · USBrookings Institution · USDrexel University · USMissouri State University · USUniversity of California, Los Angeles · USUniversity of Miami · USUniversity of Michigan · USUniversity of Minnesota · US

Funding

Catalyzing Systemic Change at Drexel University to Support Diverse Faculty in Health Disparities Research - Administrative SupplementU54CA267735 · NCI · DREXEL UNIVERSITY · PI DIEZ ROUX, ANA VICTORIA, GITLIN, LAURA N. · 2021 to 2024
$14.2M
UCSD Leading the Advancement of Underrepresented Neuroscientists for Change (LAUNCH) Faculty Development ProgramR25NS117367 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI Victoria B Risbrough, Joann Trejo · 2020 to 2026
$1.6M
Community Empowerment, Vascular Risk, and ADRD Disparities: Translating Research to Public PolicyK99AG083121 · NIA · BOSTON UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CAMPUS · PI SIMS, KENDRA D · 2023 to 2024
$243k
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Introduction: Older adults racialized as Black experience higher rates of dementia than those racialized as White. Structural racism produces socioeconomic challenges, described by artist Marvin Gaye as "hang ups, let downs, bad breaks, setbacks" that likely contribute to dementia disparities. Robust dementia literature suggests socioeconomic factors may also be key resiliencies. Methods: We linked state-level data reflecting the racialized landscape of economic opportunity across the 20th Century from the U.S. Census (1930-2010) with individual-level data on cognitive outcomes from the U.S. Health and Retirement Study participants racialized as Black. A purposive sample of participants born after the Brown v. Board ruling (born 1954-59) were selected who completed the modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status between 2010 and 2020 ( Results: Older adults born in places with higher state-level structural socioeconomic racism experienced a more rapid cognitive decline in later life compared to those with lower levels of exposure. In addition, participants born in places with higher levels of state-level structural socioeconomic resilience experienced slower cognitive change over time than their counterparts. Discussion: These findings reveal the impact of racist U.S. policies enacted in the past that influence cognitive health over time and dementia risk later in life.

Indexed as

cognitionsocioeconomic statusstructural racism

Identifiers

PMID38665381
PMCPMC11043623
OpenAlexW4394803840

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.