ArticleArchives of virology2024
Phylogeography and gene pool analysis of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses reported in India from 2006 to 2021.
Article in Archives of virology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Counting cases, conserving species: addressing highly pathogenic avian influenza in wildlife.Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · 2026Review
- Understanding the landscape of cross-species transmission, epidemiology, phylogenetics, and antigenicity of HPAI strain A(H5N1) causing a recent outbreak in the USA.Journal, genetic engineering & biotechnology · 2025Article
- Profile and evolution of antimicrobial resistance genes in Staphylococcus aureus whole genomes in Africa revealed by phylogeography and bioinformatics.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- India's public health risk from the emerging zoonotic bird flu (H5N1) transmission from backyard flock: a call for people-centric actions for improved sustainable development goals.Tropical animal health and production · 2025Review
- An mRNA vaccine candidate encoding H5HA clade 2.3.4.4b protects mice from clade 2.3.2.1a virus infection.NPJ vaccines · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
India has reported highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus outbreaks since 2006, with the first human case reported in 2021. These included viruses belonging to the clades 2.2, 2.2.2, 2.2.2.1, 2.3.2.1a, and 2.3.2.1c. There are currently no data on the gene pool of HPAI H5N1 viruses in India. Molecular clock and phylogeography analysis of the HA and NA genes; and phylogenetic analysis of the internal genes of H5N1 viruses from India were carried out. Sequences reported from 2006 to 2015; and sequences from 2021 that were available in online databases were used in the analysis. Five separate introductions of H5N1 viruses into India were observed, via Indonesia or Korea (2002), Bangladesh (2009), Bhutan (2010), and China (2013, 2018) (clades 2.2, 2.2.2, 2.2.2.1, 2.3.2.1a, 2.3.2.1c, and 2.3.4.4b). Phylogenetic analysis revealed eight reassortant genotypes. The H5N1 virus isolated from the human case showed a unique reassortant genotype. Amino acid markers associated with adaptation to mammals were also present. This is the first report of the spatio-temporal origins and gene pool analysis of H5N1 viruses from India, highlighting the need for increased molecular surveillance.
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