ArticleBlood advances2024
Maternal red blood cell alloimmunization prevalence in the United States.
Article in Blood advances, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Utility of a Critical Antibody Titer in Anti-K Alloimmunized Pregnancies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Diagnostic Test Accuracy.Transfusion medicine reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Standard Compared With Extended Red Blood Cell Antigen Matching for Prevention of Subsequent Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn: A Systematic Review.Obstetrics and gynecology · 2024Pooled it
- Anti-Erythrocyte Antibody Formation in Individuals With and Without Known Sensitisation Pathways Reflecting Indications for Extended Immunohaematology Screening.Journal of clinical laboratory analysis · 2026Article
- Global Prevalence and Specificity of Red Blood Cell Antibodies in Blood Donors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Rare antigen-negative red blood cells from pluripotent stem cells for precision transfusion medicine.Transfusion · 2026Article
- The Frequency of Severe Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn Caused by Red Blood Cell Alloantibodies Undetected at the Antibodies Screening in the First Trimester: A Prospective Study.Transfusion medicine and hemotherapy : offizielles Organ der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Transfusionsmedizin und Immunhamatologie · 2026Article
- Early exposure, enduring consequences: How do I manage Rh immunoglobulin prophylaxis after Rh-mismatched transfusions in children?Transfusion · 2026Article
- Use of Microbial Microarrays to Define Antibody Specificity.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2026Article
- High frequency of critical and rising titers in alloimmunized pregnancies with antigen-negative fetuses.Pregnancy (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2025Article
- Prevalence of Alloimmunization and Associated Risk Factors among Antenatal Women in India: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Transfusion medicine and hemotherapy : offizielles Organ der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Transfusionsmedizin und Immunhamatologie · 2025Review
- Red blood cell alloimmunization and pregnancy: Diagnosis and management.Pregnancy (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2025Review
- Comparison of conventional tube technique with automated gel microcolumn assay for antenatal antibody monitoring.Vox sanguinis · 2025Article
- Characterization of severity of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn due to Rhesus antigen alloimmunization.AJOG global reports · 2025Article
- Blood bank trends in Kuwait: five-year analysis of donations and investigations.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Current state and potential applications of neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) inhibitors in hematologic conditions.American journal of hematology · 2024Review
- Irregular antibodies in pregnancy during the universal anti-RHD prophylaxis era: a survey of Spanish Hospitals.Blood transfusion = Trasfusione del sangueReview
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
abstractHemolytic disease of fetus and newborn (HDFN) is a life-threatening disease mediated by maternal alloimmunization to red blood cell (RBC) antigens. Studies of maternal alloimmunization prevalence in the United States lack national data. This study describes prevalence and trends in alloimmunization in pregnancy in the United States. RBC antibodies (abs) were identified in a large, nationwide, commercial laboratory database from 2010 through 2021. The cohort comprised pregnancies for which the year of laboratory collection and patient's state of residence were available. Data were normalized based on US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates of live births and weighted by year and US Census Division. Cochrane-Armitage tests assessed temporal trends of alloimmunization. Of 9 876 196 pregnancies, 147 262 (1.5%) screened positive for RBC abs, corresponding to an estimated prevalence of 1518 of 100 000 pregnancies. Of identified RBC abs, anti-D comprised 64.1% pregnancies (586/100 000). Prevalence of other high-risk RBC abs for HDFN included anti-K (68/100 000) and anti-c (29/100 000). Incidence of all 3 high-risk abs increased from 2010 to 2021 (all P < .001). Among almost 10 million pregnancies in the United States, comprising an estimated 14.4% of all pregnancies, 1.5% screened positive for RBC abs. Almost three-quarters (679/100 000 [74.3%]) of RBC abs identified were high risk for HDFN. Although prevalence of anti-D is difficult to interpret without the ability to distinguish alloimmunization from passive immunity, it remains problematic in HDFN, ranking second only to anti-K in critical titers. Given the sequelae of HDFN, new initiatives are required to reduce the incidence of alloimmunization in patients of reproductive potential.
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Registered trials
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