SynthesisImmunity, inflammation and disease2024
Immunocompromised individuals are at increased risk of COVID-19 breakthrough infection, hospitalization, and death in the post-vaccination era: A systematic review.
Synthesis in Immunity, inflammation and disease, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Immunocompromised individuals are at increased risk of COVID-19 breakthrough infection, hospitalization, and death in the post-vaccination era: A systematic review.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2024Pooled it
- Characterization of the VHH-Fc construct rimteravimab in healthy adults and patients hospitalized for mild-to-moderate COVID-19: Two Phase 1 randomized clinical trials.PLoS medicine · 2026Trial
- A Viroimmunologic Model to Characterize the Antiviral Effect of Molnupiravir in Outpatients Infected With SARS-CoV-2: Implication for Treatment Duration.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Trial
- Waning immunity and the future of booster vaccination strategies in global vaccine programs post COVID-19.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- Article
- Endolysosomal trafficking regulator SH-BC-893 inhibits coronavirus entry in vitro and in vivo.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Article
- Real-world effectiveness of remdesivir in immunocompromised patients hospitalized due to SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Insights to inform pharmacy practice.American journal of health-system pharmacy : AJHP : official journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists · 2026Article
- Real-world impact of NVX-CoV2373 COVID-19 vaccine in immunocompromised individuals in South Korea.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Article
- Outcomes of immunocompromised and non-immunocompromised patients in the ICU diverge late in the pandemic.PloS one · 2026Article
- Respiratory Delivery of Highly Conserved Antiviral siRNAs Suppress SARS-CoV-2 Infection.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Risk factors of COVID-19 breakthrough infection: a case-control test-negative design study.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- TF-343 Recovered Cyclophosphamide-Induced Compromised Immune Status in a Mouse Model.Journal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2025Article
- Nationwide longitudinal analysis of COVID-19 hospitalisation burden in immunocompromised patients.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Outcomes of transplant recipients on ECMO for COVID-19 respiratory failure: an ELSO registry study.Critical care (London, England) · 2025Article
- Dysregulated Adaptive Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Immunocompromised Individuals.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Predictors of moderate, severe, and critical COVID-19 infection in a largely vaccinated kidney transplant recipient cohort during the Omicron era: the importance of timely booster vaccinations and early presentation to care.Clinical transplantation and research · 2025Article
- Predictors of COVID-19 Readmission Among Patients Previously Hospitalized for SARS-CoV-2.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2025Article
- Development of potent HLA-A02:01-restricted peptide-based cytotoxic T-cells against SARS-CoV-2 infections in patients awaiting a kidney transplant.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionImmunocompromised individuals have been shown to mount a reduced response to vaccination, resulting in reduced vaccine effectiveness in this cohort. Therefore, in the postvaccination era, immunocompromised individuals remain at high risk of breakthrough infection and COVID-19 related hospitalization and death, which persist despite vaccination efforts. There has been a marked paucity of systematic reviews evaluating existing data describing the clinical measures of efficacy of COVID-19 vaccination, specifically in immunocompromised populations. In particular, there is a scarcity of comprehensive evaluations exploring breakthrough infections and severe COVID-19 in this patient population.
methodsTo address this gap, we conducted a systematic review which aimed to provide a summary of current clinical evidence of the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination in the immunocompromised population. Using PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a literature search on PubMed and the Cochrane database published between January 1, 2021 to September 1, 2022.
resultsOur findings demonstrated that despite vaccination, immunocompromised patients remained at high risk of new breakthrough COVID-19 infection and severe COVID-19 outcomes compared to the general population. We found increased average relative risk (RR) of breakthrough infections in the immunocompromised population, including patients with cancer (RR = 1.4), HIV (RR = 1.92), chronic kidney disease (RR = 2.26), immunodeficiency (RR = 2.55), and organ transplant recipients (RR = 6.94). These patients are also at greater risk for hospitalizations and death following COVID-19 breakthrough infection. We found that the RR of hospitalization and death in Cancer patients was 1.08 and 2.82, respectively.
conclusionThis demonstrated that vaccination does not offer an adequate level of protection in these groups, necessitating further measures such as Evusheld and further boosters.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.