ReviewFrontiers in immunology2024
Targeting PD-1/PD-L-1 immune checkpoint inhibition for cancer immunotherapy: success and challenges.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 58 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
58 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 69 citations in OpenAlex.
- Second-event endpoints (EFS2, PRFS2 and PFS2) after anti-PD-(L)1-based RCTs: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Pooled it
- The Efficacy of Pembrolizumab Immunotherapy in the Treatment of Endometrial Cancer: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Pooled it
- Trial
- Real-World First-Line Treatment Characteristics and Physician Drivers in Advanced/Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, PD-L1 ≥ 50%, and without Actionable Genomic Alterations.Oncology and therapy · 2026Article
- Integrated Machine Learning and Molecular Simulation-Guided Discovery of Novel Small-Molecule PD-L1 Inhibitors.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Multiscale Explainable Machine Learning Reveals Descriptor-Invariant Molecular Determinants of Small-Molecule PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibition.ACS medicinal chemistry letters · 2026Article
- Integrated Immune Escape in Cervical Cancer: HLA-I Dysfunction and Immune Checkpoint Signaling.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- A destination-driven framework for nanoparticle-enabled targeted protein degradation.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Review
- One Face, Three Solutions: Structural Convergence in PD-L1 Inhibition across Antibodies, Macrocycles, and Small Molecules.Journal of medicinal chemistry · 2026Review
- Programmed cell death ligand 1(PD-L1) association in metastatic and non-metastatic oral squamous cell carcinoma: clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Context-dependent synthetic lethality - an emerging precision therapeutic approach.Nature reviews. Cancer · 2026Review
- In silico screen identifies Pranidipine as a potential inhibitor of the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Supramolecular co-assembly of platycodin-d-loaded iron nanocomposite enhances hepatocellular carcinoma immunotherapy with synergistic ferroptosis-photo-chemotherapy.Mikrochimica acta · 2026Article
- NY-ESO-1 and PD-L1 as biomarkers associated with nivolumab response and outcome in unresectable or recurrent esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a multicenter biomarker study.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2026Article
- MUC1-targeted CAR-T cell secreted anti-PD-1 IgG antibody enhances antitumor activity in Cholangiocarcinoma.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Immune checkpoint blockade targets macrophage PD-1 to exacerbate metabolic dysfunction.Immunometabolism (Cobham, Surrey) · 2026Article
- Advancing Small-Molecule Immunotherapy Through Polymeric Micelle Delivery.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Targeting T-Cells for Cancer Treatment: Current Clinical Strategies and Challenges.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- A Real-World Experience of Cemiplimab in Patients with Advanced Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma.Cancers · 2026Article
- The molecular mechanisms of pyroptosis and its implications in tumor immunotherapy.Molecular cancer · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The programmed death-1 receptor (PD-1) acts as a T-cell brake, and its interaction with ligand-1 (PD-L-1) interferes with signal transduction of the T-cell receptor. This leads to suppression of T-cell survival, proliferation, and activity in the tumor microenvironment resulting in compromised anticancer immunity. PD-1/PD-L-1 interaction blockade shown remarkable clinical success in various cancer immunotherapies. To date, most PD-1/PD-L-1 blockers approved for clinical use are monoclonal antibodies (mAbs); however, their therapeutic use are limited owing to poor clinical responses in a proportion of patients. mAbs also displayed low tumor penetration, steep production costs, and incidences of immune-related side effects. This strongly indicates the importance of developing novel inhibitors as cancer immunotherapeutic agents. Recently, advancements in the small molecule-based inhibitors (SMIs) that directly block the PD-1/PD-L-1 axis gained attention from the scientific community involved in cancer research. SMIs demonstrated certain advantages over mAbs, including longer half-lives, low cost, greater cell penetration, and possibility of oral administration. Currently, several SMIs are in development pipeline as potential therapeutics for cancer immunotherapy. To develop new SMIs, a wide range of structural scaffolds have been explored with excellent outcomes; biphenyl-based scaffolds are most studied. In this review, we analyzed the development of mAbs and SMIs targeting PD-1/PD-L-1 axis for cancer treatment. Altogether, the present review delves into the problems related to mAbs use and a detailed discussion on the development and current status of SMIs. This article may provide a comprehensive guide to medicinal chemists regarding the potential structural scaffolds required for PD-1/PD-L-1 interaction inhibition.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.