ReviewRadiology2024
MRI in the Evaluation of Cryptogenic Stroke and Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source.
Open access · greenAbstract readReview
In one paragraph
Review in Radiology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
8citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
4.4field-weighted citation impact, top 5% of its field
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association of Left Atrial Echocardiographic Indices With Atrial Fibrillation in Cryptogenic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.) · 2026Pooled it
- When Pulmonary Embolism Opens the Door: Paradoxical Thalamic Stroke Through a Patent Foramen Ovale.Cureus · 2026Article
- Multimodal MRI to elucidate cross-organ coupling mechanisms of the heart-brain axis.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Review
- Machine learning identification of key genes in cardioembolic stroke and atherosclerosis: their association with pan-cancer and immune cells.European journal of medical research · 2025Article
- Predictive value of patent foramen ovale diameter for cryptogenic stroke and age-related differences.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Article
- Multisystem embolism in hereditary protein C deficiency with patent foramen ovale: a case report.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Article
- Causal relationship between metabolites and embolic stroke: based on Mendelian randomization and metabolomics.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Article
- Bubble-test for detection of a patent foramen ovale in young to middle-aged ischemic stroke patients.Frontiers in neurologyArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Jiayu XiaoFrom the Departments of Radiology (J.X., A.L., A.G.W., Z.F.), Neurology (R.A.P., P.L.N., N.S., P.D.L.), Physiology and Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Biomedical Engineering (Z.F.), and Radiation Oncology (Z.F.), University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar St, CSC Room 104, Los Angeles, CA 90033; Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (J.W.S.); Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, Calif (S.S.S.); Comprehensive Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (J.L.S.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, Md (B.A.W.); and Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md (B.A.W.).ORCID 0000-0001-7478-6534
Roy A PobleteFrom the Departments of Radiology (J.X., A.L., A.G.W., Z.F.), Neurology (R.A.P., P.L.N., N.S., P.D.L.), Physiology and Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Biomedical Engineering (Z.F.), and Radiation Oncology (Z.F.), University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar St, CSC Room 104, Los Angeles, CA 90033; Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (J.W.S.); Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, Calif (S.S.S.); Comprehensive Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (J.L.S.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, Md (B.A.W.); and Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md (B.A.W.).ORCID 0000-0002-3866-1934
Alexander LernerFrom the Departments of Radiology (J.X., A.L., A.G.W., Z.F.), Neurology (R.A.P., P.L.N., N.S., P.D.L.), Physiology and Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Biomedical Engineering (Z.F.), and Radiation Oncology (Z.F.), University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar St, CSC Room 104, Los Angeles, CA 90033; Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (J.W.S.); Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, Calif (S.S.S.); Comprehensive Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (J.L.S.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, Md (B.A.W.); and Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md (B.A.W.).
Peggy L NguyenFrom the Departments of Radiology (J.X., A.L., A.G.W., Z.F.), Neurology (R.A.P., P.L.N., N.S., P.D.L.), Physiology and Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Biomedical Engineering (Z.F.), and Radiation Oncology (Z.F.), University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar St, CSC Room 104, Los Angeles, CA 90033; Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (J.W.S.); Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, Calif (S.S.S.); Comprehensive Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (J.L.S.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, Md (B.A.W.); and Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md (B.A.W.).
Jae W SongFrom the Departments of Radiology (J.X., A.L., A.G.W., Z.F.), Neurology (R.A.P., P.L.N., N.S., P.D.L.), Physiology and Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Biomedical Engineering (Z.F.), and Radiation Oncology (Z.F.), University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar St, CSC Room 104, Los Angeles, CA 90033; Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (J.W.S.); Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, Calif (S.S.S.); Comprehensive Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (J.L.S.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, Md (B.A.W.); and Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md (B.A.W.).ORCID 0000-0002-3127-6427
Nerses SanossianFrom the Departments of Radiology (J.X., A.L., A.G.W., Z.F.), Neurology (R.A.P., P.L.N., N.S., P.D.L.), Physiology and Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Biomedical Engineering (Z.F.), and Radiation Oncology (Z.F.), University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar St, CSC Room 104, Los Angeles, CA 90033; Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (J.W.S.); Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, Calif (S.S.S.); Comprehensive Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (J.L.S.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, Md (B.A.W.); and Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md (B.A.W.).
Alison G WilcoxFrom the Departments of Radiology (J.X., A.L., A.G.W., Z.F.), Neurology (R.A.P., P.L.N., N.S., P.D.L.), Physiology and Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Biomedical Engineering (Z.F.), and Radiation Oncology (Z.F.), University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar St, CSC Room 104, Los Angeles, CA 90033; Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (J.W.S.); Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, Calif (S.S.S.); Comprehensive Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (J.L.S.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, Md (B.A.W.); and Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md (B.A.W.).
Shlee S SongFrom the Departments of Radiology (J.X., A.L., A.G.W., Z.F.), Neurology (R.A.P., P.L.N., N.S., P.D.L.), Physiology and Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Biomedical Engineering (Z.F.), and Radiation Oncology (Z.F.), University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar St, CSC Room 104, Los Angeles, CA 90033; Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (J.W.S.); Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, Calif (S.S.S.); Comprehensive Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (J.L.S.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, Md (B.A.W.); and Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md (B.A.W.).ORCID 0000-0002-7838-0205
Patrick D LydenFrom the Departments of Radiology (J.X., A.L., A.G.W., Z.F.), Neurology (R.A.P., P.L.N., N.S., P.D.L.), Physiology and Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Biomedical Engineering (Z.F.), and Radiation Oncology (Z.F.), University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar St, CSC Room 104, Los Angeles, CA 90033; Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (J.W.S.); Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, Calif (S.S.S.); Comprehensive Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (J.L.S.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, Md (B.A.W.); and Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md (B.A.W.).
Jeffrey L SaverFrom the Departments of Radiology (J.X., A.L., A.G.W., Z.F.), Neurology (R.A.P., P.L.N., N.S., P.D.L.), Physiology and Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Biomedical Engineering (Z.F.), and Radiation Oncology (Z.F.), University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar St, CSC Room 104, Los Angeles, CA 90033; Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (J.W.S.); Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, Calif (S.S.S.); Comprehensive Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (J.L.S.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, Md (B.A.W.); and Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md (B.A.W.).
Bruce A WassermanFrom the Departments of Radiology (J.X., A.L., A.G.W., Z.F.), Neurology (R.A.P., P.L.N., N.S., P.D.L.), Physiology and Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Biomedical Engineering (Z.F.), and Radiation Oncology (Z.F.), University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar St, CSC Room 104, Los Angeles, CA 90033; Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (J.W.S.); Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, Calif (S.S.S.); Comprehensive Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (J.L.S.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, Md (B.A.W.); and Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md (B.A.W.).ORCID 0000-0001-8458-1778
Zhaoyang FanFrom the Departments of Radiology (J.X., A.L., A.G.W., Z.F.), Neurology (R.A.P., P.L.N., N.S., P.D.L.), Physiology and Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Biomedical Engineering (Z.F.), and Radiation Oncology (Z.F.), University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar St, CSC Room 104, Los Angeles, CA 90033; Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (J.W.S.); Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, Calif (S.S.S.); Comprehensive Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (J.L.S.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, Md (B.A.W.); and Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md (B.A.W.).ORCID 0000-0002-2693-0260
University of Southern California · US
Funding
Southern California Clinical and Translational Science InstituteUL1TR001855 · NCATS · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI Thomas A Buchanan, Michele D. Kipke · 2016 to 2026
$81.3MDISCOVERY - Statistics and Analysis CoreU19NS115388 · NINDS · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI Steven M Greenberg, Natalia S Rost · 2019 to 2026
$75.4MLongitudinal and quantitative MR plaque imaging for prediction of response to medical management in symptomatic intracranial atherosclerosisR01HL147355 · NHLBI · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI FAN, ZHAOYANG · 2019 to 2023
$2.1MNCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001855NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL147355NINDS NIH HHS U19 NS115388
Abstract
Cryptogenic stroke refers to a stroke of undetermined etiology. It accounts for approximately one-fifth of ischemic strokes and has a higher prevalence in younger patients. Embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS) refers to a subgroup of patients with nonlacunar cryptogenic strokes in whom embolism is the suspected stroke mechanism. Under the classifications of cryptogenic stroke or ESUS, there is wide heterogeneity in possible stroke mechanisms. In the absence of a confirmed stroke etiology, there is no established treatment for secondary prevention of stroke in patients experiencing cryptogenic stroke or ESUS, despite several clinical trials, leaving physicians with a clinical dilemma. Both conventional and advanced MRI techniques are available in clinical practice to identify differentiating features and stroke patterns and to determine or infer the underlying etiologic cause, such as atherosclerotic plaques and cardiogenic or paradoxical embolism due to occult pelvic venous thrombi. The aim of this review is to highlight the diagnostic utility of various MRI techniques in patients with cryptogenic stroke or ESUS. Future trends in technological advancement for promoting the adoption of MRI in such a special clinical application are also discussed.
Indexed as
Embolic StrokeMagnetic Resonance ImagingHumansIschemic StrokeStroke
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.