ArticleJournal of the Chinese Medical Association : JCMA2024
Assessment of iodine nutritional status and gestational thyroid function reference ranges during the first trimester of pregnancy in Taiwan.
Article in Journal of the Chinese Medical Association : JCMA, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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5 citing papers in PubMed, 1 citations in OpenAlex.
- Breastfeeding status, micronutrient biomarkers, thyroid function, and Bayley-III developmental outcomes in Taiwanese toddlers.International breastfeeding journal · 2026Article
- Genotype-phenotype correlation of biallelic DUOX2 mutations in transient and permanent congenital hypothyroidism.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2026Article
- Iodine in Health and Disease: A Comprehensive Review.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Development and validation of an interpretable machine learning model for predicting incident gestational hypothyroidism using clinical laboratory markers.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Iodine nutritional status in different trimesters of pregnancy and its association with dietary habits: a prospective observational study in Taiwan.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Observational
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7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
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Abstract
backgroundIodine nutrition is critical for fetal neurodevelopment in the first trimester of pregnancy, a period associated with dramatic changes in thyroid function. The aim of this study was to evaluate iodine nutritional status and thyroid function reference ranges in the first trimester in Taiwan.
methodsPregnant women aged 20 years and above in the first trimester were recruited in Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan from March 2019 to July 2022. Each participant provided a spot urine sample for measurement of urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and a blood sample for checkup of thyroid function and thyroid autoantibodies. A simple food frequency questionnaire was also completed.
resultsA total of 209 women with a mean age of 32.9 ± 4.4 years were enrolled. The median UIC was 160.9 μg/L (interquartile range [IQR]: 105.0-246.2 μg/L), indicating overall iodine sufficiency. The gestational thyroid function reference ranges were: thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) (median: 0.93 [0.007-2.9] µIU/mL), free T4 (1.3 [0.93-2.2] ng/dL), free T3 (3.0 [2.3-5.0] ng/dL), total T4 (9.9 [6.4-16.9] ng/dL), and total T3 (135 [88-231] ng/dL). If the nonpregnant reference range of serum TSH was used, eight women (4.8%) would be misclassified as having subclinical hyperthyroidism, and two women (1.2%) with subclinical hypothyroidism would be missed. In multivariate analysis, nulliparous (adjusted odds ratio [OR] from model 1-3: 2.02, 2.05, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.08-3.77, 1.10-3.81, 1.11-3.66; p = 0.027, 0.023, 0.022, respectively) and multivitamin nonusers (adjusted OR from model 1-3: 1.86, 1.85, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.04-3.34, 1.03-3.32, 1.004-3.71; p = 0.038, 0.039, 0.049, respectively) had increased odds of having lower UIC levels <150 μg/L.
conclusionThe iodine nutritional status in the first trimester is adequate in Taiwan; however, certain subgroups such as nulliparous and multivitamin nonusers are still at risk for iodine deficiency. Gestational thyroid function reference ranges are needed for correct diagnosis of thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy.
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