Evidence map›Paper›PMID 38650739›Full record

ArticleSSM - population health2024

Changes in the number of new takeaway food outlets associated with adoption of management zones around schools: A natural experimental evaluation in England.

John Rahilly, Ben Amies-Cull, Michael Chang, Steven Cummins, Daniel Derbyshire, Suzan Hassan, Yuru Huang, Matthew Keeble, Bochu Liu, Antonieta Medina-Lara and 10 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in SSM - population health, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
6citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

6 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Review
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

20 authors.

John RahillyMRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
Ben Amies-CullNuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Michael ChangOffice for Health Improvement and Disparities, Department of Health and Social Care, UK.
Steven CumminsDepartment of Public Health, Environments & Society, Faculty of Public Health & Policy, London School of Tropical Hygiene and Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH, UK.
Daniel DerbyshireDepartment of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, UK.
Suzan HassanDepartment of Public Health, Environments & Society, Faculty of Public Health & Policy, London School of Tropical Hygiene and Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH, UK.
Yuru HuangMRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
Matthew KeebleMRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
Bochu LiuMRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
Antonieta Medina-LaraDepartment of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, UK.
Oliver MyttonGreat Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK.
Nina RogersMRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
Bea SavoryDepartment of Public Health, Environments & Society, Faculty of Public Health & Policy, London School of Tropical Hygiene and Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH, UK.
Annie SchiffMRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
Stephen J SharpMRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
Richard SmithDepartment of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, UK.
Claire ThompsonSchool of Health and Social Work, University of Hertfordshire, UK.
Martin WhiteMRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
Jean AdamsMRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
Thomas BurgoineMRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.

Funding

Medical Research Council MC_UU_00006/7
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

By the end of 2017, 35 local authorities (LAs) across England had adopted takeaway management zones (or "exclusion zones") around schools as a means to curb proliferation of new takeaways. In this nationwide, natural experimental study, we evaluated the impact of management zones on takeaway retail, including unintended displacement of takeaways to areas immediately beyond management zones, and impacts on chain fast-food outlets. We used uncontrolled interrupted time series analyses to estimate changes from up to six years pre- and post-adoption of takeaway management zones around schools. We evaluated three outcomes: mean number of new takeaways within management zones (and by three identified sub-types: full management, town centre exempt and time management zones); mean number on the periphery of management zones (i.e. within an additional 100 m of the edge of zones); and presence of new chain fast-food outlets within management zones. For 26 LAs, we observed an overall decrease in the number of new takeaways opening within management zones. Six years post-intervention, we observed 0.83 (95% CI -0.30, -1.03) fewer new outlets opening per LA than would have been expected in absence of the intervention, equivalent to an 81.0% (95% CI -29.1, -100) reduction in the number of new outlets. Cumulatively, 12 (54%) fewer new takeaways opened than would have been expected over the six-year post-intervention period. When stratified by policy type, effects were most prominent for full management zones and town centre exempt zones. Estimates of intervention effects on numbers of new takeaways on the periphery of management zones, and on the presence of new chain fast-food outlets within management zones, did not meet statistical significance. Our findings suggest that management zone policies were able to demonstrably curb the proliferation of new takeaways. Modelling studies are required to measure the possible population health impacts associated with this change.

Indexed as

Exclusion zonesInterrupted time seriesNatural experimentSchoolsTakeaway management zonesTakeawaysUrban planning

Identifiers

PMID38650739
PMCPMC11033196

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.