Smart Nanobiomaterials for Gene Delivery in Localized Cancer Therapy: An Overview from Emerging Materials and Devices to Clinical Applications.

The research provides an in-depth exploration of gene therapy, covering fundamental principles, diverse implementation strategies, and innovative gene delivery vectors. Further implementations of gene therapy, such as apoptosis induction, anti-angiogenesis, and nucleic acid therapy, have been described. Gene delivery vectors, encompassing viral methods such as adenovirus, retroviral, foamy viral, adeno-associated viral, herpes simplex virus (HSV), and vaccinia virus vectors and nonviral methods, such as physical and chemical approaches have been extensively discussed. Further, a significant focus is placed on novel drug carriers, including nanoparticles, such as iron oxide, calcium carbonate, gold, carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide, quantum dots, nanogels, ceramic nanoparticles, calcium phosphate, and metal-organic frameworks. Additionally, lipids, peptides, and polymeric materials, featuring liposomes, exosomes, polymeric micelles, hydrogels, polymersomes, and dendrimers are explored as promising avenues for gene delivery. Finally, the key findings and insights underlining the dynamic landscape of gene therapy research have been summarized, which may offer a comprehensive understanding of current methodologies and potential future directions in the field of gene therapy.