ArticleAnnals of clinical and translational neurology2024
Study on clinical features and factors related to long-term outcomes of antibody-negative autoimmune encephalitis.
Article in Annals of clinical and translational neurology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Cerebral Cortical Encephalitis: A Comparative Study With Antibody-Negative and Non-MOG Antibody-Positive Cortical Encephalitis in Chinese Adults.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2026Article
- The role of CSF IL-6 levels in diagnosis and outcome prediction of autoimmune encephalitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Deciphering Involuntary Movements: A Case of Seronegative Autoimmune Encephalitis With a Kaleidoscopic Presentation.Cureus · 2026Article
- Relapse predictors and brain atrophy in antibody-positive and antibody-negative autoimmune encephalitis: a multicenter cohort study.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Predictors of return to work status among patients with autoimmune encephalitis at one year post-discharge: a prospective observational study.BMC neurology · 2025Observational
- Clinical features and factors associated with outcomes of antibody-negative autoimmune encephalitis in patients requiring intensive care.Critical care (London, England) · 2025Article
- Clinical spectrum and long-term outcomes of antibody-negative severe autoimmune encephalitis: a retrospective study.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- The role of immunoglobulin in cerebrospinal fluid on the differential diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis and viral encephalitis in children.BMC pediatrics · 2024Article
- Validation of the clinical assessment scale for autoimmune encephalitis in a severe autoimmune encephalitis cohort.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo delineate the clinical characteristics of antibody-negative autoimmune encephalitis (AE) and to investigate factors associated with long-term outcomes among antibody-negative AE.
methodsPatients diagnosed with antibody-negative AE were recruited from January 2016 to December 2022 at the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University. The study assessed the long-term outcomes of antibody-negative AE using the modified Rankin scale (mRS) and the Clinical Assessment Scale in Autoimmune Encephalitis (CASE). Predictors influencing long-term outcomes were subsequently analyzed. External validation of RAPID scores (refractory status epilepticus [RSE], age of onset ≥60 years, ANPRA [antibody-negative probable autoimmune encephalitis], infratentorial involvement, and delay of immunotherapy ≥1 month) was performed.
resultsIn total, 100 (47 females and 53 males) antibody-negative AE patients were enrolled in this study, with approximately 49 (49%) experiencing unfavorable long-term outcomes (mRS scores ≥3). Antibody-negative AE was subcategorized into ANPRA, autoimmune limbic encephalitis (LE), and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). Psychiatric symptoms were prevalent in LE and ANPRA subtypes, while weakness and gait instability/dystonia were predominant in the ADEM subtype. Higher peak CASE scores (odds ratio [OR] 1.846, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.163-2.930, p = 0.009) and initiating immunotherapy within 30 days (OR 0.210, 95% CI: 0.046-0.948, p = 0.042) were correlated with long-term outcomes. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis returned that the RAPID scores cutoff of 1.5 best discriminated the group with poor long-term outcomes (sensitivity 85.7%, specificity 56.9%).
interpretationThe ANPRA subtype exhibited poorer long-term outcomes compared to LE and ADEM subtypes, and early immunotherapy was crucial for improving long-term outcomes in antibody-negative AE. The use of RAPID scoring could aid in guiding clinical decision making.
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