ReviewFrontiers in immunology2024
Therapeutic potential of interleukin-21 in cancer.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Combinatorial in situ cancer vaccines: unlocking broad and enhanced antitumor responses.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Tumor-draining lymph nodes shape the tumor microenvironment through enrichment of tumor-reactive effector-exhausted CD8Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Article
- Advances in Cancer Immunotherapy for Solid Tumors.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Endogenous neoantigen-specific antibodies mediate antitumor responses and determine vaccine efficacy.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- Natural and Engineered Cytokines as Cancer Therapeutics.Annual review of cancer biology · 2026Article
- Advances in lipid nanoparticles delivering genetic medicines for solid cancers.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2026Review
- IL-21 isoform transgenic mice spontaneously develop mammary tumors: possible involvement of IL-21-induced osteopontin expression in tumorigenesis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Review
- Reprogramming natural killer cells in the tumor microenvironment: Challenges and therapeutic opportunities.Cytokine & growth factor reviews · 2025Review
- Recent advances in oncolytic virus combined immunotherapy in tumor treatment.Genes & diseases · 2025Review
- Design of a potent interleukin-21 mimic for cancer immunotherapy.Science immunology · 2025Article
- Advances in host-directed therapy for tuberculosis and HIV coinfection: enhancing immune responses.Trends in microbiology · 2025Review
- Adjusting the scope of natural killer cells in cancer therapy.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2025Review
- Acute Exposure to Aerosolized Nanoplastics Modulates Redox-Linked Immune Responses in Human Airway Epithelium.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Review
- Granzyme B-producing B cells: a bidirectional relationship with breast cancer cells and implications for immunotherapy.American journal of clinical and experimental immunology · 2025Article
- The Multifaceted Role of the IL-2 Cytokine Family in Melanoma: Mechanisms, Therapeutic Implications, and Immune Modulation.Journal of immunology research · 2025Review
- GM-CSF and IL-21-armed oncolytic vaccinia virus significantly enhances anti-tumor activity and synergizes with anti-PD1 immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is an immunostimulatory cytokine which belongs to the common gamma-chain family of cytokines. It plays an import role in the development, differentiation, proliferation, and activation of immune cells, in particular T and natural killer (NK) cells. Since its discovery in 2000, IL-21 has been shown to regulate both adaptive and immune responses associates with key role in antiviral and antitumor responses. Recent advances indicate IL-21 as a promising target for cancer treatment and encouraging results were obtained in preclinical studies which investigated the potency of IL-21 alone or in combination with other therapies, including monoclonal antibodies, checkpoint inhibitory molecules, oncolytic virotherapy, and adoptive cell transfer. Furthermore, IL-21 showed antitumor effects in the treatment of patients with advanced cancer, with minimal side effects in several clinical trials. In the present review, we will outline the recent progress in IL-21 research, highlighting the potential of IL-21 based therapy as single agent or in combination with other drugs to enhance cancer treatment efficiency.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.