Evidence map›Paper›PMID 38637617›Full record

SynthesisNature genetics2024

Genome-wide association analyses identify 95 risk loci and provide insights into the neurobiology of post-traumatic stress disorder.

Caroline M Nievergelt, Adam X Maihofer, Elizabeth G Atkinson, Chia-Yen Chen, Karmel W Choi, Jonathan R I Coleman, Nikolaos P Daskalakis, Laramie E Duncan, Renato Polimanti, Cindy Aaronson and 229 more

Abstract readMeta-Analysis
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Nature genetics, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 126 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
126citing papers in PubMed, 5 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

126 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
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  4. Pooled it
  5. Pooled it
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  11. Big data and psychiatry: advances, constraints and future directions.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2026
    Article
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  15. Best practices for using biological data in psychological research.Journal of mood and anxiety disorders · 2026
    Review
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  17. Article
  18. Article
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66 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

239 authors.

Caroline M Nievergelt *Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. cnievergelt@ucsd.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5766-8923
Adam X Maihofer *Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Elizabeth G AtkinsonDepartment of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6308-776X
Chia-Yen ChenBiogen Inc.,Translational Sciences, Cambridge, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9548-5597
Karmel W ChoiDepartment of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3914-2431
Jonathan R I ColemanKing's College London, National Institute for Health and Care Research Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6759-0944
Nikolaos P DaskalakisBroad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1660-9112
Laramie E DuncanDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1131-661X
Renato PolimantiVA Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0745-6046
Cindy AaronsonDepartment of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA.
Ananda B AmstadterDepartment of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Richmond, VA, USA.
Soren B AndersenThe Danish Veteran Centre, Research and Knowledge Centre, Ringsted, Denmark.
Ole A AndreassenOslo University Hospital, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo, Norway.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4461-3568
Paul A ArbisiMinneapolis VA Health Care System, Mental Health Service Line, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
Allison E Ashley-KochDuke University, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Durham, NC, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5409-9155
S Bryn AustinBoston Children's Hospital, Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
Esmina AvdibegoviçDepartment of Psychiatry, University Clinical Center of Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Dragan BabićDepartment of Psychiatry, University Clinical Center of Mostar, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Silviu-Alin BacanuDepartment of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4364-1583
Dewleen G BakerDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1736-9838
Anthony BatzlerDepartment of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
Jean C BeckhamDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
Sintia BelangeroDepartment of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2419-4351
Corina BenjetInstituto Nacional de Psiquiatraía Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Center for Global Mental Health, Mexico City, Mexico.
Carisa BergnerMedical College of Wisconsin, Comprehensive Injury Center, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
Linda M BiererDepartment of Psychiatry, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.
Joanna M BiernackaDepartment of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9350-4440
Laura J BierutDepartment of Psychiatry, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9952-4810
Jonathan I BissonCardiff University, National Centre for Mental Health, MRC Centre for Psychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, UK.
Marco P BoksDepartment of Psychiatry, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6163-7484
Elizabeth A BolgerDepartment of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Amber BrandolinoDepartment of Surgery, Division of Trauma & Acute Care Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
Gerome BreenKing's College London, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK.
Rodrigo Affonseca BressanDepartment of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, São Paulo, Brazil.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0868-4449
Richard A BryantUniversity of New South Wales, School of Psychology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9607-819X
Angela C BustamanteDepartment of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Jonas Bybjerg-GrauholmDepartment for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1705-4008
Marie Bækvad-HansenDepartment for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Anders D BørglumThe Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8627-7219
Sigrid BørteDepartment of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, K. G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Trondheim, Norway.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9540-3256
Leah CahnDepartment of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA.
Joseph R CalabreseCase Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
Jose Miguel Caldas-de-AlmeidaChronic Diseases Research Centre (CEDOC), Lisbon Institute of Global Mental Health, Lisbon, Portugal.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1902-6772
Chris ChatzinakosBroad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Sheraz CheemaUniversity of Toronto, CanPath National Coordinating Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Sean A P CloustonStony Brook University, Family, Population, and Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6124-0329
Lucía Colodro-CondeQIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Mental Health & Neuroscience Program, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9004-364X
Brandon J CoombesDepartment of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4322-5923
Carlos S Cruz-FuentesDepartment of Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatraía Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico.
Anders M DaleDepartment of Radiology, Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Shareefa DalvieDepartment of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Division of Human Genetics, Cape Town, South Africa.
Lea K DavisVanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Nashville, TN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5143-2282
Jürgen DeckertUniversity Hospital of Würzburg, Center of Mental Health, Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Würzburg, Denmark.
Douglas L DelahantyDepartment of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9021-7064
Michelle F DennisDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
Frank DesarnaudDepartment of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA.
Christopher P DiPietroBroad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Seth G DisnerMinneapolis VA Health Care System, Research Service Line, Minneapolis, MN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3635-9421
Anna R DochertyHuntsman Mental Health Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
Katharina DomschkeUniversity of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Basics in Neuromodulation, Freiburg, Denmark.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2550-9132
Grete DybUniversity of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway.
Alma Džubur KulenovićDepartment of Psychiatry, University Clinical Center of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1883-7111
Howard J EdenbergIndiana University School of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indianapolis, IN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0344-9690
Alexandra EvansCardiff University, National Centre for Mental Health, MRC Centre for Psychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, UK.
Chiara FabbriKing's College London, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK.
Negar FaniDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7720-252X
Lindsay A FarrerDepartment of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5533-4225
Adriana FederDepartment of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2931-310X
Norah C FeenyDepartment of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8590-4591
Janine D FloryDepartment of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA.
David ForbesDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Carol E FranzDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8987-1755
Sandro GaleaBoston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7534-0945
Melanie E GarrettDuke University, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Durham, NC, USA.
Bizu GelayeDepartment of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7934-548X
Joel GelernterVA Connecticut Healthcare Center, Psychiatry Service, West Haven, CT, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4067-1859
Elbert GeuzeNetherlands Ministry of Defence, Brain Research and Innovation Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3479-2379
Charles F GillespieDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5476-5920
Slavina B GolevaVanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Nashville, TN, USA.
Scott D GordonQIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Mental Health & Neuroscience Program, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7623-328X
Aferdita GoçiDepartment of Psychiatry, University Clinical Centre of Kosovo, Prishtina, Kosovo.
Lana Ruvolo GrasserWayne State University School of Medicine, Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciencess, Detroit, MI, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7168-5524
Camila GuindaliniGallipoli Medical Research Foundation, Greenslopes Private Hospital, Greenslopes, Queensland, Australia.
Magali HaasCohen Veterans Bioscience, New York City, NY, USA.
Saskia HagenaarsKing's College London, National Institute for Health and Care Research Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
Michael A HauserDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
Andrew C HeathDepartment of Genetics, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
Sian M J HemmingsDepartment of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8461-1017
Victor HesselbrockUniversity of Connecticut School of Medicine, Psychiatry, Farmington, CT, USA.
Ian B HickieUniversity of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8832-9895
Kelleigh HoganDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
David Michael HougaardDepartment for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5928-3517
Hailiang HuangBroad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1461-5762
Laura M HuckinsDepartment of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5369-6502
Kristian HveemDepartment of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, K. G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Trondheim, Norway.
Miro JakovljevićDepartment of Psychiatry, University Hospital Center of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
Arash JavanbakhtWayne State University School of Medicine, Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciencess, Detroit, MI, USA.
Gregory D JenkinsDepartment of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6408-6227
Jessica JohnsonGenetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA.
Ian JonesCardiff University, National Centre for Mental Health, Cardiff University Centre for Psychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5821-5889
Tanja JovanovicDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Karen-Inge KarstoftThe Danish Veteran Centre, Research and Knowledge Centre, Ringsted, Denmark.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9234-9784
Milissa L KaufmanDepartment of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
James L KennedyCentre for Addiction and Mental Health, Neurogenetics Section, Molecular Brain Science Department, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8733-3806
Ronald C KesslerDepartment of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4831-2305
Alaptagin KhanDepartment of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Nathan A KimbrelDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
Anthony P KingThe Ohio State University, College of Medicine, Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Columbus, OH, USA.
Nastassja KoenUniversity of Cape Town, Department of Psychiatry & Neuroscience Institute, SA MRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Cape Town, South Africa.
Roman KotovDepartment of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
Henry R KranzlerMental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Kristi KrebsUniversity of Tartu, Institute of Genomics, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0494-2751
William S KremenDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8629-5609
Pei-Fen KuanDepartment of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
Bruce R LawfordQueensland University of Technology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia.
Lauren A M LeboisDepartment of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5816-9181
Kelli LehtoUniversity of Tartu, Institute of Genomics, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia.
Daniel F LeveyVA Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8431-9569
Catrin LewisCardiff University, National Centre for Mental Health, MRC Centre for Psychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, UK.
Israel LiberzonDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4990-556X
Sarah D LinnstaedtDepartment of Anesthesiology, UNC Institute for Trauma Recovery, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5295-7072
Mark W LogueDepartment of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9347-7892
Adriana LoriDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Yi LuDepartment of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9933-3654
Benjamin J LuftDepartment of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
Michelle K LuptonQIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Mental Health & Neuroscience Program, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7274-7299
Jurjen J LuykxDepartment of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6439-2774
Iouri MakotkineDepartment of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA.
Jessica L Maples-KellerDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4768-7332
Shelby MarcheseDepartment of Genetic and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
Charles MarmarNew York University, Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA.
Nicholas G MartinQIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Genetics, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4069-8020
Gabriela A Martínez-LevyDepartment of Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatraía Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1736-5308
Kerrie McAloneyQIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Mental Health & Neuroscience Program, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4390-2691
Alexander McFarlaneUniversity of Adelaide, Discipline of Psychiatry, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
Katie A McLaughlinDepartment of Psychology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1362-2410
Samuel A McLeanDepartment of Anesthesiology, UNC Institute for Trauma Recovery, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
Sarah E MedlandQIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Mental Health & Neuroscience Program, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1382-380X
Divya MehtaQueensland University of Technology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia.
Jacquelyn MeyersDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3863-8555
Vasiliki MichopoulosDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2531-923X
Elizabeth A MikitaDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2113-8274
Lili MilaniUniversity of Tartu, Institute of Genomics, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5323-3102
William MilbergVA Boston Healthcare System, GRECC/TRACTS, Boston, MA, USA.
Mark W MillerBoston University School of Medicine, Psychiatry, Biomedical Genetics, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6393-8563
Rajendra A MoreyDuke University School of Medicine, Duke Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Durham, NC, USA.
Charles Phillip MorrisQueensland University of Technology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8976-619X
Ole MorsThe Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark.
Preben Bo MortensenThe Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark.
Mary S MuffordDepartment of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Division of Human Genetics, Cape Town, South Africa.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8409-9217
Elliot C NelsonDepartment of Psychiatry, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3037-3962
Merete NordentoftThe Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark.
Sonya B NormanDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4751-1882
Nicole R NugentDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Alpert Brown Medical School, Providence, RI, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8756-5618
Meaghan O'DonnellDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Phoenix Australia, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4349-0022
Holly K OrcuttDepartment of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0197-0784
Pedro M PanUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Psychiatry, São Paulo, Brazil.
Matthew S PanizzonDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Gita A PathakVA Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, USA.
Edward S PetersUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center, College of Public Health, Omaha, NE, USA.
Alan L PetersonSouth Texas Veterans Health Care System, Research and Development Service, San Antonio, TX, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2947-2936
Matthew PeverillDepartment of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8257-1004
Robert H PietrzakDepartment of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
Melissa A PolusnyMinneapolis VA Health Care System, Mental Health Service Line, Minneapolis, MN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4932-305X
Bernice PorjeszDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
Abigail PowersDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Xue-Jun QinDuke University, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Durham, NC, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9169-253X
Andrew RatanatharathornDepartment of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9855-0438
Victoria B RisbroughDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8347-3820
Andrea L RobertsDepartment of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5023-4399
Alex O RothbaumDepartment of Psychological Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Barbara O RothbaumDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8793-7124
Peter Roy-ByrneDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Kenneth J RuggieroDepartment of Nursing, Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
Ariane RungDepartment of Epidemiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, School of Public Health, New Orleans, LA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1372-1902
Heiko RunzBiogen Inc., Research & Development, Cambridge, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2133-7345
Bart P F RuttenDepartment of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht Universitair Medisch Centrum, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9834-6346
Stacey Saenz de ViteriSUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, School of Public Health, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
Giovanni Abrahão SalumChild Mind Institute, New York City, NY, USA.
Laura SampsonDepartment of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
Sixto E SanchezDepartment of Medicine, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru.
Marcos SantoroUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Bioquímica-Disciplina de Biologia Molecular, São Paulo, Brazil.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5714-9509
Carina SeahDepartment of Genetic and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1604-1838
Soraya SeedatDepartment of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5118-786X
Julia S SengDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7066-6348
Andrey ShabalinDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
Christina M SheerinDepartment of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Richmond, VA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3773-641X
Derrick SiloveDepartment of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Alicia K SmithDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8537-5156
Jordan W SmollerDepartment of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
Scott R SponheimMinneapolis VA Health Care System, Mental Health Service Line, Minneapolis, MN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2782-0856
Dan J SteinUniversity of Cape Town, Department of Psychiatry & Neuroscience Institute, SA MRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Cape Town, South Africa.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7218-7810
Synne StenslandOslo University Hospital, Department of Research, Innovation and Education, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo, Norway.
Jennifer S StevensDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4674-0314
Jennifer A SumnerDepartment of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0217-7171
Martin H TeicherDepartment of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6036-0177
Wesley K ThompsonMental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Roskilde, Denmark.
Arun K TiwariCentre for Addiction and Mental Health, Neurogenetics Section, Molecular Brain Science Department, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Edward TrapidoDepartment of Epidemiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, School of Public Health, New Orleans, LA, USA.
Monica UddinUniversity of South Florida College of Public Health, Genomics Program, Tampa, FL, USA.
Robert J UrsanoDepartment of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Unnur ValdimarsdóttirKarolinska Institutet, Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5382-946X
Miranda Van HooffUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
Eric VermettenARQ Nationaal Psychotrauma Centrum, Psychotrauma Research Expert Group, Diemen, The Netherlands.
Christiaan H VinkersAmsterdam Neuroscience, Mood, Anxiety, Psychosis, Sleep & Stress Program, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3698-0744
Joanne VoiseyQueensland University of Technology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6645-6164
Yunpeng WangDepartment of Psychology, University of Oslo, Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition (LCBC), Oslo, Norway.
Zhewu WangDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
Monika WaszczukDepartment of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA.
Heike WeberUniversity Hospital of Würzburg, Center of Mental Health, Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Würzburg, Denmark.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9421-1292
Frank R WendtDepartment of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2108-6822
Thomas WergeThe Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1829-0766
Michelle A WilliamsDepartment of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5807-5281
Douglas E WilliamsonDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
Bendik S WinsvoldDepartment of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, K. G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Trondheim, Norway.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4171-8919
Sherry WinternitzDepartment of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8939-539X
Christiane WolfUniversity Hospital of Würzburg, Center of Mental Health, Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Würzburg, Denmark.
Erika J WolfVA Boston Healthcare System, National Center for PTSD, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2666-2435
Yan XiaBroad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Ying XiongDepartment of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Rachel YehudaDepartment of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8307-677X
Keith A YoungCentral Texas Veterans Health Care System, Research Service, Temple, TX, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6060-3573
Ross McD YoungQueensland University of Technology, School of Clinical Sciences, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia.
Clement C ZaiBroad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0496-7262
Gwyneth C ZaiCentre for Addiction and Mental Health, Neurogenetics Section, Molecular Brain Science Department, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Mark ZervasCohen Veterans Bioscience, New York City, NY, USA.
Hongyu ZhaoDepartment of Biostatistics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1195-9607
Lori A ZoellnerDepartment of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
John-Anker ZwartUniversity of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5721-0154
Terri deRoon-CassiniDepartment of Surgery, Division of Trauma & Acute Care Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
Sanne J H van RooijDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Leigh L van den HeuvelDepartment of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
AURORA Study
Estonian Biobank Research Team
FinnGen Investigators
HUNT All-In Psychiatry
Murray B SteinDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9564-2871
Kerry J ResslerDepartment of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5158-1103
Karestan C KoenenDepartment of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2978-7655

Funding

Yale Clinical and Translational Science Award (U Component)UL1TR001863 · NCATS · YALE UNIVERSITY · PI John H. Krystal, LUCILA OHNO-MACHADO · 2016 to 2026
$102.9M
CTSA UM1 Program at University of UtahUM1TR004409 · NCATS · UTAH STATE HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM--UNIVERSITY OF UTAH · PI RACHEL HESS, Jennifer Juhl Majersik · 2023 to 2026
$21.9M
Overall: Eunice Kennedy Shriver Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center at VanderbiltP50HD103537 · NICHD · VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER · PI Lea K Davis · 2020 to 2026
$10.3M
Psychiatric Genomics Consortium for PTSDR01MH106595 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI KARESTAN C KOENEN, Caroline M Nievergelt · 2016 to 2026
$8.4M
Epigenomic Predictors of PTSD and Traumatic Stress in an African American CohortR01MD011728 · NIMHD · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA · PI AIELLO, ALLISON E, UDDIN, MONICA · 2017 to 2025
$5.7M
2/7 Psychiatric Genomics Consortium: Advancing Discovery and ImpactR01MH124851 · NIMH · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI BOERGLUM, ANDERS, DAVIS, LEA K · 2021 to 2025
$5.4M
Site 3/3, Understanding PTSD through Postmortem Targeted Brain MultiomicsR01MH117292 · NIMH · MCLEAN HOSPITAL · PI Nikolaos Daskalakis, KERRY J. RESSLER · 2018 to 2026
$5.0M
Genome-Wide Association Analysis of Suicide DeathR01MH123619 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF UTAH · PI DOCHERTY, ANNA R. · 2020 to 2024
$3.2M
Empowering gene discovery and accelerating clinical translation for diverse admixed populationsR01HG012869 · NHGRI · BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE · PI Elizabeth Grace Atkinson · 2023 to 2026
$3.1M
4/7 Psychiatric Genomics Consortium: Advancing Discovery and ImpactR01MH124847 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI NIEVERGELT, CAROLINE M, SEBAT, JONATHAN · 2021 to 2025
$2.1M
2/4: Leveraging EHR-linked biobanks for deep phenotyping, polygenic risk score modeling, and outcomes analysis in psychiatric disordersR01MH121924 · NIMH · MAYO CLINIC ROCHESTER · PI BIERNACKA, JOANNA M · 2019 to 2024
$2.0M
Characterizing the Neurobiology of Pathological Dissociation: Mechanisms of Face Perception and Self Referential ProcessingK01MH118467 · NIMH · MCLEAN HOSPITAL · PI LEBOIS, LAUREN ANN MCDONOUGH · 2019 to 2022
$679k
NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001863NCATS NIH HHS UM1 TR004409NHGRI NIH HHS R01 HG012869NICHD NIH HHS P50 HD103537NIMHD NIH HHS R01 MD011728NIMH NIH HHS K01 MH118467NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH106595NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH117292NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH121924NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH123619NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH124847NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH124851RRD VA IK2 RX002922U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) R01MH106595
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) genetics are characterized by lower discoverability than most other psychiatric disorders. The contribution to biological understanding from previous genetic studies has thus been limited. We performed a multi-ancestry meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies across 1,222,882 individuals of European ancestry (137,136 cases) and 58,051 admixed individuals with African and Native American ancestry (13,624 cases). We identified 95 genome-wide significant loci (80 new). Convergent multi-omic approaches identified 43 potential causal genes, broadly classified as neurotransmitter and ion channel synaptic modulators (for example, GRIA1, GRM8 and CACNA1E), developmental, axon guidance and transcription factors (for example, FOXP2, EFNA5 and DCC), synaptic structure and function genes (for example, PCLO, NCAM1 and PDE4B) and endocrine or immune regulators (for example, ESR1, TRAF3 and TANK). Additional top genes influence stress, immune, fear and threat-related processes, previously hypothesized to underlie PTSD neurobiology. These findings strengthen our understanding of neurobiological systems relevant to PTSD pathophysiology, while also opening new areas for investigation.

Indexed as

Stress Disorders, Post-TraumaticAmerican Indian or Alaska NativeBlack or African AmericanGenetic LociGenetic Predisposition to DiseaseGenome-Wide Association StudyHumansNeurobiologyPolymorphism, Single NucleotideWhiteWhite People

Identifiers

PMID38637617
PMCPMC11396662

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