SynthesisOphthalmic epidemiology2025
Prevalence and Types of Strabismus in Cerebral Palsy: A Global and Historical Perspective Based on a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Synthesis in Ophthalmic epidemiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence and Etiology of Strabismus in Down Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis with a Focus on Ethnic Differences in the Esotropia/Exotropia Ratio.Ophthalmic epidemiology · 2025Pooled it
- Prevalence and Types of Strabismus in Cerebral Palsy: A Global and Historical Perspective Based on a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Ophthalmic epidemiology · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- The global prevalence of horizontal strabismus: A systematic review and meta-analysis with a focus on ethnic variation.Survey of ophthalmologyPooled it
- Understanding clinical features, predictors of late presentation, and caregiver perspectives and awareness of strabismus in children: a cross-sectional study in a sub-Saharan African setting.BMC ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Long-Term Outcomes of Strabismus Surgery in Children with Cerebral Palsy: Focus on Consecutive Exotropia.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Binocular Vision Anomalies: An Update on Prevalence, Impact, Technological and Treatment Developments and Current Challenges.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Review
- Identification and Prioritization of Requirements for a Home-Based Tele-Rehabilitation Information System for Cerebral Palsy Patients: A Delphi Study.Health science reports · 2026Article
- The Interpupillary Distance Differs Between Ethnicities and Associates with Horizontal Strabismus Patterns: Evidence from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Review
- The interpupillary distance differs between ethnicities and associates with horizontal strabismus patterns: Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- The global prevalence of horizontal strabismus: a systematic review and meta-analysis with a focus on ethnic variation.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Article
- Review
- Prevalence and types of strabismus in cerebral palsy: A global and historical perspective based on a systematic review and meta-analysis.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
- Update of
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeStrabismus is more frequent in cerebral palsy (CP) than in the normal population, but reports differ how much it is increased. We here examined the global prevalence and types of strabismus in CP, whether esotropia or exotropia is more frequent, and whether the prevalence differs between ethnicities and/or country income levels, and between generations.
methodsWe compiled in a systematic review and meta-analysis the results of 147 CP studies that report the prevalence of strabismus or the ratio of esotropia to exotropia, and we conducted subgroup analyses for region (income level) and ethnicity. We performed a pooled analysis for the CP strabismus prevalence, and estimated the global number of CP cases with strabismus.
resultsThe pooled prevalence of strabismus in CP is 49.8% in high-income countries and 39.8% in lower-income countries. We estimate the global number of strabismus cases in CP as 12.2 million, with 7.6 million males and 4.6 million females, based on current estimates of 29.6 million global CP cases. Esotropia is more frequent than exotropia in Caucasians, while exotropia is more frequent than esotropia in Hispanic and in some Asian and African populations. The strabismus prevalence in CP increases with increasing country income levels.
conclusionGenerational changes in strabismus prevalence appear to reflect a transition of CP types and an increase in prevalence as countries attain higher income and more effective maternal health care. The distribution of esotropia and exotropia in CP patients largely reflects the horizontal strabismus type that is predominant in the subject's ethnicity.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.