Evidence map›Paper›PMID 38633643›Full record

ArticleHeliyon2024

Turning trash into treasure: Torrefaction of mixed waste for improved fuel properties. A case study of metropolitan city.

Muhammad Umar Farooq, Khadija Sadiq, Mehwish Anis, Ghulam Hussain, Muhammad Usman, Yasser Fouad, M A Mujtaba, H Fayaz, A S Silitonga

Open access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Heliyon, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
1.1field-weighted citation impact, top 26% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed, 6 citations in OpenAlex.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors at 4 institutions in 5 countries.

Muhammad Umar FarooqInstitute of Environmental Engineering and Research, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, P.O. Box 54980, Pakistan.
Khadija SadiqInstitute of Environmental Engineering and Research, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, P.O. Box 54980, Pakistan.
Mehwish AnisInstitute of Environmental Engineering and Research, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, P.O. Box 54980, Pakistan.
Ghulam HussainInstitute of Environmental Engineering and Research, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, P.O. Box 54980, Pakistan.
Muhammad UsmanDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, P.O. Box 54980, Pakistan.
Yasser FouadDepartment of Applied Mechanical Engineering, College of Applied Engineering, Muzahimiyah Branch, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh, 11421, Saudi Arabia.
M A MujtabaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology (New Campus), Lahore, 54890, Pakistan.
H FayazModeling Evolutionary Algorithms Simulation and Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
A S SilitongaCentre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.
University of Engineering and Technology Lahore · PKKing Saud University · SATon Duc Thang University · VNUniversity of Technology Sydney · AU

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Solid waste management is one of the biggest challenges of the current era. The combustible fractions in the waste stream turn out to be a good energy source if converted into refuse-derived fuel. Researchers worldwide are successfully converting it into fuel. However, certain challenges are associated with its application in gasifiers, boilers, etc. to co-fire it with coal. These include high moisture content, low calorific value, and difficulty to transport and store. The present study proposed torrefaction as a pretreatment of the waste by heating it in the range of 200 °C-300 °C in the absence of oxygen at atmospheric pressure. The combustible fraction from the waste stream consisting of wood, textile, paper, carton, and plastics termed as mixed waste was collected and torrefied at 225 °C, 250 °C, 275 °C, and 300 °C for 15 and 30 min each. It was observed that the mass yield and energy yield decreased to 45% and 62.96% respectively, but the energy yield tended to increase by the ratio of 1.39. Proximate analysis showed that the moisture content and volatile matter decreased for torrefied samples, whereas the ash content and fixed carbon content increased. Similarly, the elemental analysis revealed that the carbon content increased around 23% compared to raw samples with torrefaction contrary to hydrogen and oxygen, which decreased. Moreover, the higher heating value (HHV) of the torrefied samples increased around 1.3 times as compared to the raw sample. This pretreatment can serve as an effective solution to the current challenges and enhance refuse-derived fuel's fuel properties.

Indexed as

Co-fire with coalCombustion behaviorHigher heating valueRefuse-derived fuelThermogravimetric analysisTorrefactionWaste-to-energy

Identifiers

PMID38633643
PMCPMC11021893
OpenAlexW4393857778

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.