ArticleFrontiers in immunology2024
TGF-β, IL-1β, IL-6 levels and TGF-β/Smad pathway reactivity regulate the link between allergic diseases, cancer risk, and metabolic dysregulations.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Meta-analysis of microarray data to identify potential signature genes and MiRNAs associated with the pathogenesis of asthma.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Trial
- Seasonality of Cytokines in Inflammatory Disease: Exploring Molecular Parallels with the Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon.Biology · 2026Review
- Identification of EGR2 and TGFB1 as Potential Immunoregulatory Biomarkers for Allergic Rhinitis: An Exploratory Bioinformatics and Pilot Validation Study.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2026Article
- Transcriptome Analysis of TGFBI Knockdown vs Normal Corneal Epithelial Cells: Implications for TGFBI Corneal Dystrophy Treatment.Biochemical genetics · 2026Article
- ZG16B: A key regulator of tumor progression and immune microenvironment modulation in cancer (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Correlation and combined predictive value analysis of serum IL-6 and IL-10 levels with tumor progression in patients with cervical cancer.European journal of medical research · 2026Article
- The central role of IL-6 in the differential effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists and metformin across multiple health conditions.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Triglyceride-Glucose Body Mass Index Predicts Asthma Exacerbations: A Prospective Study.Allergy, asthma & immunology research · 2025Article
- Dendritic Cells: Origin, Classification, Development, Biological Functions, and Therapeutic Potential.MedComm · 2025Review
- Natural Flavonoid Nobiletin Attenuates Allergic Asthma via Suppression of STAT3/PI3K-AKT and Neutrophil Extracellular Traps.Food science & nutrition · 2025Article
- The Role of the DNA Methyltransferase Family and the Therapeutic Potential of DNMT Inhibitors in Tumor Treatment.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2025Review
- Stem cell activity shapes the pleiotropic effects of IFN-γ and TGF-β in autoimmune diseases, infections, and cancer, and drives autoimmune flares and remissions.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Association of Serum IL-35 and TGF-β Levels with the Incidence, Severity, and Treatment Response in Iraqi Patients with Graves' Disease.Iranian journal of pathology · 2025Article
- New insights into the phenomenon of remissions and relapses in autoimmune diseases and the puzzle of benign autoantibodies in healthy individuals.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The risk of cancer is higher in patients with asthma compared to those with allergic rhinitis for many types of cancer, except for certain cancers where a contrasting pattern is observed. This study offers a potential explanation for these observations, proposing that the premalignant levels of circulating transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), IL-1β, and IL-6 as well as the reactivity of the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway at the specific cancer site, are crucial factors contributing to the observed disparities. Circulating TGF-β, IL- β and IL-6 levels also help clarify why asthma is positively associated with obesity, Type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and insulin resistance, whereas allergic rhinitis is negatively linked to these conditions. Furthermore, TGF-β/Smad pathway reactivity explains the dual impact of obesity, increasing the risk of certain types of cancer while offering protection against other types of cancer. It is suggested that the association of asthma with cancer and metabolic dysregulations is primarily linked to the subtype of neutrophilic asthma. A binary classification of TGF-β activity as either high (in the presence of IL-1β and IL-6) or low (in the presence or absence of IL-1β and IL-6) is proposed to differentiate between allergy patients prone to cancer and metabolic dysregulations and those less prone. Glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, the two major metabolic pathways utilized by cells for energy exploitation, potentially underlie this dichotomous classification by reprogramming metabolic pathways in immune cells.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.