ArticleDiabetology & metabolic syndrome2024
Enhancing insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes mellitus using apelin-loaded small extracellular vesicles from Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells: a novel therapeutic approach.
Article in Diabetology & metabolic syndrome, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- Innovative diabetes mellitus treatment strategies: Mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy and its impact on pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines modulation.Journal of pharmaceutical analysis · 2026Review
- Context‑dependent duality of the apelin/elabela‑APJ system in diabetes and its complications (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Extracellular vesicles carrying surface-anchored adiponectin prevent obesity-related metabolic complications by enhancing insulin sensitivity.Molecular metabolism · 2026Article
- International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. CXXI. Apelin receptor pharmacology in the human cardiovascular system and emerging clinical applications.Pharmacological reviews · 2026Review
- Salivary Apelin and Asprosin Levels in Periodontitis and Diabetes Mellitus and Their Relationship with Clinical Periodontal Parameters.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Artificial intelligence-driven design and optimization of mitochondria-targeted nanocarriers for chronic heart failure.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2026Review
- White adipose tissue in type 2 diabetes and the effect of antidiabetic drugs.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2025Review
- Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate high altitude-induced heart injury by promoting type 2 macrophage polarization via COX2-PGE2 pathway.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Human mesenchymal stem/stromal cell based-therapy in diabetes mellitus: experimental and clinical perspectives.Stem cell research & therapy · 2024Review
- Platelet and Erythrocyte Membranes Coassembled Biomimetic Nanoparticles for Heart Failure Treatment.ACS nano · 2024Article
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11 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), characterized by β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance (IR), presents considerable treatment challenges. Apelin is an adipocyte-derived factor that shows promise in improving IR; however, it is limited by poor targeting and a short half-life. In the present study, engineered small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) derived from Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs) loaded with apelin were used to address the limitations of the therapeutic application of apelin.
methodsWJ-MSCs were transduced to obtain engineered sEVs loaded with overexpressed apelin (apelin-MSC-sEVs) and the control sEVs (MSC-sEVs). T2DM mice were injected with apelin-MSC-sEVs and MSC-sEVs, and blood glucose monitoring, glucose and insulin tolerance tests, confocal microscopy, and immunocytochemical analysis were performed. IR models of 3T3-L1 adipocytes were employed to detect GLUT4 expression in each group using western blotting; the affected pathways were determined by measuring the changes in Akt and AMPK signaling and phosphorylation.
resultsUpon successful engineering, WJ-MSCs demonstrated significant overexpression of apelin. The genetic modification did not adversely impact the characteristics of sEVs, ranging from surface protein markers, morphology, to particle size, but generated apelin-overexpressed sEVs. Apelin-MSC-sEVs treatment resulted in notable enhancement of Akt and AMPK pathway activities within 3T3-L1 adipocytes and adipose tissues of T2DM mice. Furthermore, the apelin-loaded sEVs significantly reduced plasma glucose levels, increased pancreatic β-cell proliferation, improved insulin and glucose tolerance, and modulated pro-inflammatory cytokine profiles, compared to mice treated with the control sEVs.
conclusionOur study developed novel genetically engineered apelin-loaded sEVs derived from WJ-MSCs, and demonstrated their potent role in augmenting insulin sensitivity and regulating inflammatory responses, highlighting their therapeutic promise in T2DM management. The findings open new avenues for the development of clinically viable treatments for T2DM in humans using the apelin-loaded sEVs.
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