ReviewClinical immunology communications2021
The "original antigenic sin" and its relevance for SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) vaccination.
Review in Clinical immunology communications, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Heterologous mucosal vaccine boosting enhances mucosal and systemic immunity by distinct mechanisms.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2026Article
- Article
- Tracking Immunity: An Increased Number of COVID-19 Boosters Increases the Longevity of Anti-RBD and Anti-RBD-Neutralizing Antibodies.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Factors determining the outcomes of immune imprinting after repeated orthoflavivirus infections.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Dissecting humoral immune responses to an MVA-vectored MERS-CoV vaccine in humans using a systems serology approach.iScience · 2024Article
- From Detection to Protection: Antibodies and Their Crucial Role in Diagnosing and Combatting SARS-CoV-2.Vaccines · 2024Review
- Vaccination impairs de novo immune response to omicron breakthrough infection, a precondition for the original antigenic sin.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Back to the Future: Immune Protection or Enhancement of Future Coronaviruses.Microorganisms · 2024Review
- Considerations on COVID-19 vaccination.Clinical immunology communications · 2023Article
- The Effectiveness of Bivalent COVID-19 Vaccination: A Preliminary Report.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- COVID-19-Related Age Profiles for SARS-CoV-2 Variants in England and Wales and States of the USA (2020 to 2022): Impact on All-Cause Mortality.Infectious disease reports · 2023Article
- Cross protection to SARS-CoV-2 variants in hamsters with naturally-acquired immunity.Virology journal · 2023Article
- Highly Networked SARS-CoV-2 Peptides Elicit T Cell Responses with Enhanced Specificity.ImmunoHorizons · 2023Article
- SARS coronavirus 2-reactive antibodies in bovine colostrum.The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne · 2023Article
- Subjects who developed SARS-CoV-2 specific IgM after vaccination show a longer humoral immunity and a lower frequency of infection.EBioMedicine · 2023Article
- Article
- Role of Sex and Age in Fatal Outcomes of COVID-19: Women and Older Centenarians Are More Resilient.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- First Impressions Matter: Immune Imprinting and Antibody Cross-Reactivity in Influenza and SARS-CoV-2.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- The oldest unvaccinated Covid-19 survivors in South America.Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2022Article
- Association of Influenza Vaccination With SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Associated Hospitalization and Mortality Among Patients Aged 66 Years or Older.JAMA network open · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Imprinting of the specific molecular image of a given protein antigen into immunological memory is one of the hallmarks of immunity. A later contact with a related, but different antigen should not trigger the memory response (because the produced antibodies would not be effective). The preferential expansion of cross-reactive antibodies, or T-lymphocytes for that matter, by a related antigen has been termed the original antigenic sin and was first described by Thomas Francis Jr. in 1960. The phenomenon was initially described for influenza virus, but also has been found for dengue and rotavirus. The antibody dependent enhancement observed in feline coronavirus vaccination also may be related to the original antigenic sin. For a full interpretation of the effectivity of the immune response against SARS-CoV-2, as well as for the success of vaccination, the role of existing immunological memory against circulating corona viruses is reviewed and analyzed.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.