ArticleJournal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines2024
Do traumatic events and substance use co-occur during adolescence? Testing three causal etiologic hypotheses.
Article in Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Do different types of potentially traumatic events hold different relationships with substance use in adolescence?Journal of child & adolescent trauma · 2026Article
- Post-Traumatic Stress in Adolescence: The Mediating Role of Time Perspective Between Trauma Exposure, PTSD Symptoms, and Cannabis Use.European journal of investigation in health, psychology and education · 2025Article
- Early life stress and pubertal predictors of subsequent substance use in a national diverse sample of adolescents: Sex and substance type matter.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2025Article
- Internalizing Pathways to Adolescent Substance Use from Adverse Childhood Experiences.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- The role of recurrent trauma on post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and substance use among trauma exposed youth.Psychiatry research · 2024Article
- PTSD, dysregulation profile and substance use: exploring differences in a sample of adolescents in an outpatient clinic.Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundWhy do potentially traumatic events (PTEs) and substance use (SU) so commonly co-occur during adolescence? Causal hypotheses developed from the study of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorder (SUD) among adults have not yet been subject to rigorous theoretical analysis or empirical tests among adolescents with the precursors to these disorders: PTEs and SU. Establishing causality demands accounting for various factors (e.g. genetics, parent education, race/ethnicity) that distinguish youth endorsing PTEs and SU from those who do not, a step often overlooked in previous research.
methodsWe leveraged nationwide data from a sociodemographically diverse sample of youth (N = 11,468) in the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study. PTEs and substance use prevalence were assessed annually. To account for the many pre-existing differences between youth with and without PTE/SU (i.e. confounding bias) and provide rigorous tests of causal hypotheses, we linked within-person changes in PTEs and SU (alcohol, cannabis, nicotine) across repeated measurements and adjusted for time-varying factors (e.g. age, internalizing symptoms, externalizing symptoms, and friends' use of substances).
resultsBefore adjusting for confounding using within-person modeling, PTEs and SU exhibited significant concurrent associations (βs = .46-1.26, ps < .05) and PTEs prospectively predicted greater SU (βs = .55-1.43, ps < .05) but not vice versa. After adjustment for confounding, the PTEs exhibited significant concurrent associations for alcohol (βs = .14-.23, ps < .05) and nicotine (βs = .16, ps < .05) but not cannabis (βs = -.01, ps > .05) and PTEs prospectively predicted greater SU (βs = .28-.55, ps > .05) but not vice versa.
conclusionsWhen tested rigorously in a nationwide sample of adolescents, we find support for a model in which PTEs are followed by SU but not for a model in which SU is followed by PTEs. Explanations for why PTSD and SUD co-occur in adults may need further theoretical analysis and adaptation before extension to adolescents.
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