Biological Reductionism as an Obstacle to the Advancement of the Biopsychosocial Concept of Mental Disorders.

The substantial progress in neurobiological technologies has narrowed the horizons of many psychiatrists, ultimately leading them to focus exclusively on biomedical research, primarily aimed at studying the biological basis of mental illnesses. This has led to an unjustified dominance of the biomedical paradigm in understanding the nature of mental disorders, while virtually ignoring the study of other components of the disease related to the psychosocial maladjustment of patients. This trend, largely associated with advancements in neuroscience employing neuroimaging techniques to study the brain's activity as a biophysical object, has contributed to the development of such innovative field as evidence-based medicine. The methods of evidence-based medicine are seen as adequate in terms of determining the effectiveness of therapy for predominantly biologically determined components of mental illness (including the selection of medications) and only partially for psychological interventions. However, it seems that the predominant use of evidence-based medicine principles is insufficient for a holistic diagnostic approach, which includes a multilevel (diversified) representation of the criteria of effectiveness for pharmacological and psychological interventions. In this regard, it is promising to establish a scientifically and clinically productive combination of, on the one hand, the evidence-based concept of effectiveness assessments based on high-quality randomized scientific studies, and on the other, expert opinions of highly qualified scientific specialists, as well as practicing physicians with their personal professional experience in individualized therapy. This makes it reasonable to develop a personality-oriented personalized psychiatry, based on a biopsychosocial understanding of the nature of mental disorders, their holistic assessment, and the development of comprehensive therapeutic measures.