ReviewFrontiers in pharmacology2024
Understanding the action mechanisms of metformin in the gastrointestinal tract.
Review in Frontiers in pharmacology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy and safety of variable-dose metformin as adjunctive therapy to insulin in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.BMC endocrine disorders · 2025Pooled it
- Microbes and medicines: interrelationships between pharmaceuticals and the gut microbiome.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Computational discovery of fenugreek-paitan-turmeric (FPT) bioactive compounds targeting SGLT2 and DPP-4 for glucose homeostasis regulation.Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences · 2026Article
- Anti-obesity medications in children and adolescents: blood pressure and chronic kidney disease implications.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Review
- Tirzepatide and Metformin Effects on Hunger and BMI in an Adolescent with Hyperphagia and Severe Obesity due to MC4R Deficiency: A Case Report.Obesity facts · 2026Article
- Metformin-A Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Drug-And Ovarian Cancer: Anticancer Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Observational
- Old Drug, New Science: Metformin and the Future of Pharmaceutics.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Metformin Beyond Glycemic Control: Cardiovascular Protection and Diabetes Prevention.Journal of cardiovascular development and disease · 2026Review
- Metformin-Associated Gastrointestinal Intolerance: A Narrative Review of Mechanisms and Clinical Management.Clinical medicine insights. Endocrinology and diabetes · 2026Review
- Neg-entropy is the true drug target for chronic diseases.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Review
- Protective Metabolic Effects of Chickpea Sprout Against Obesity-Induced Insulin Resistance and Hypoestrogenism in Rats.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Highly Soluble Ternary Amorphous Glibenclamide-Arginine-Folic Acid Formulation Using Arginine as a Coformer, and Wettability Agent.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2025Article
- Association of GLP-1 receptor agonists with risk of intestinal obstruction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a retrospective cohort study.Acta diabetologica · 2025Article
- From Diabetes to Degenerative Diseases: The Multifaceted Action of Metformin.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Absolute quantitative metagenomic analysis reveals unique gut bacteria underlying berberine and metformin's anti-metabolic disorders effects.Microbiology spectrum · 2025Article
- Association of metformin treatment with changes in metal dynamics in individuals with type 2 diabetes.BMJ open diabetes research & care · 2025Article
- Calorie restriction mimetics against aging and inflammation.Biogerontology · 2025Review
- Metformin use in prediabetes: A review of evidence and a focus on metabolic features among peri-menopausal women.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2025Review
- Exploring the Protective Effects of Traditional Antidiabetic Medications and Novel Antihyperglycemic Agents in Diabetic Rodent Models.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Metformin is the initial medication recommended for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In addition to diabetes treatment, the function of metformin also can be anti-aging, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory. Nevertheless, further exploration is required to fully understand its mode of operation. Historically, the liver has been acknowledged as the main location where metformin reduces glucose levels, however, there is increasing evidence suggesting that the gastrointestinal tract also plays a significant role in its action. In the gastrointestinal tract, metformin effects glucose uptake and absorption, increases glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion, alters the composition and structure of the gut microbiota, and modulates the immune response. However, the side effects of it cannot be ignored such as gastrointestinal distress in patients. This review outlines the impact of metformin on the digestive system and explores potential explanations for variations in metformin effectiveness and adverse effects like gastrointestinal discomfort.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.