ArticleChronobiology international2024
Chronotype changes after sex hormone use: A prospective cohort study in transgender users of gender-affirming hormones.
Article in Chronobiology international, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Associations between estradiol levels and subjective sleep parameters in a large cohort of men and women.Endocrine connections · 2026Article
- Beyond identity categories: chronotype and mental health as correlates of sleep quality in transgender and gender-diverse adults.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Temporal Tendencies: Exploring the Impact of Chronotype Timing on Youth Depression Risk.Research on child and adolescent psychopathology · 2025Article
- Voluntary Running and Estrous Cycle Modulate ΔFOSB in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus of the Wistar Rat.Journal of circadian rhythms · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Chronotype, an individual's preferred sleep-wake timing, is influenced by sex and age. Men sometimes report a later chronotype than women and older age is associated with earlier chronotype. The sex-related changes in chronotype coincide with puberty and menopause. However, the effects of sex hormones on human chronotype remain unclear. To examine the impact of 3 months of gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) on chronotype in transgender persons, this study used data from 93 participants from the prospective RESTED cohort, including 49 transmasculine (TM) participants starting testosterone and 44 transfeminine (TF) participants starting estrogens and antiandrogens. Midpoint of sleep and sleep duration were measured using the ultra-short Munich ChronoType Questionnaire (µMCTQ). After 3 months of GAHT, TM participants' midpoint of sleep increased by 24 minutes (95% CI: 3 to 45), whereas TF participants' midpoint of sleep decreased by 21 minutes (95% CI: -38 to -4). Total sleep duration did not change significantly in either group. This study provides the first prospective assessment of sex hormone use and chronotype in transgender persons, showing that GAHT can change chronotype in line with cisgender sex differences. These findings provide a basis for future studies on biological mechanisms and clinical consequences of chronotype changes.
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