ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2024
Soluble NKG2DLs Are Elevated in Breast Cancer Patients and Associate with Disease Outcome.
Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Paracetamol and Metformin Reduce NK-Cell Susceptibility in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells in Association with Enrichment of Immune-Evasive CD44International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Comparative analysis of anti-MICA scFv affinities: Insights from three label-free biophysical methods and biological validation.Biotechnology reports (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2026Article
- Unraveling the implications of ULBP1 expression from pan-cancer to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- NKGD2 Ligands (NKG2DLs) in Breast Cancer: In Silico Analysis and Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Longitudinal Dynamics of Soluble NKG2D Ligands in Mild and Moderate Coronavirus Disease-2019.Yonago acta medica · 2026Article
- ULBP1 is a prognostic biomarker associated with immune suppression in breast cancer.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- MICA protein as a plasma biomarker for dermatomyositis with malignancy: a proteome-wide Mendelian randomization and ELISA study.Clinical rheumatology · 2026Article
- Association Between Amino Acid Polymorphisms in MICA and MICA-NKG2D Interaction Affinity: Implications and Significance for Tumor Immunity.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- Reversing NK cell exhaustion: a novel strategy combining immune checkpoint blockade with drug sensitivity enhancement in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.Frontiers in oncology · 2024Review
- The therapeutic role of γδT cells in TNBC.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
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Authors and funding
17 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Ligands of the natural killer group 2D (NKG2DL) family are expressed on malignant cells and are usually absent from healthy tissues. Recognition of NKG2DLs such as MICA/B and ULBP1-3 by the activating immunoreceptor NKG2D, expressed by NK and cytotoxic T cells, stimulates anti-tumor immunity in breast cancer. Upregulation of membrane-bound NKG2DLs in breast cancer has been demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. Tumor cells release NKG2DLs via proteolytic cleavage as soluble (s)NKG2DLs, which allows for effective immune escape and is associated with poor prognosis. In this study, we collected serum from 140 breast cancer (BC) and 20 ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) patients at the time of initial diagnosis and 20 healthy volunteers (HVs). Serum levels of sNKG2DLs were quantified through the use of ELISA and correlated with clinical data. The analyzed sNKG2DLs were low to absent in HVs and significantly higher in BC patients. For some of the ligands analyzed, higher sNKG2DLs serum levels were associated with the classification of malignant tumor (TNM) stage and grading. Low sMICA serum levels were associated with significantly longer progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS). In conclusion, we provide the first insights into sNKG2DLs in BC patients and suggest their potential role in tumor immune escape in breast cancer. Furthermore, our observations suggest that serum sMICA levels may serve as a prognostic parameter in the patients analyzed in this study.
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