ReviewCancers2024
Immune-Related Adverse Events Due to Cancer Immunotherapy: Immune Mechanisms and Clinical Manifestations.
Review in Cancers, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 58 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
58 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 67 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immunotherapy checkpoint inhibitor-combination therapy versus chemotherapy alone among Chinese population in cholangiocarcinoma treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European journal of clinical pharmacology · 2026Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of immune checkpoint inhibitors for locoregionally advanced, recurrent and metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a systematic review of phase III randomised controlled trials.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Pooled it
- Peripheral blood cell counts as predictors of immune-related adverse events in cancer patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- Crucial Role of Lymphocytes in the Therapeutic Efficacy of Dendritic Cell Immunotherapy for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- A narrative review of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related cardiotoxicity in lung cancer: mechanisms, risk stratification, and clinical management.Journal of thoracic disease · 2026Review
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Induced Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada-like Disease Complicated by Inflammatory Macular Neovascularisation: A Case Report and Literature Review.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Hematological Toxicities in the Modern Era of Melanoma Therapy.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Autoantibodies Drive Fcγ Receptor-Dependent Colon Inflammation During Immune Checkpoint Blockade.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Review
- Comparative Clinical and Histological Analysis of Bullous Pemphigoid: Immunotherapy-Associated versus Spontaneous Onset Cases.Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Impact of PD-L1 Status on the Development of Cutaneous Immune-Related Adverse Events in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Patients Receiving Immunotherapy.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Induced Endocrine Dysfunction: Early Detection of Symptoms and Timely Intervention.Clinical case reports · 2026Article
- Precision immunotherapy for head and neck cancer: therapeutic combinations, biomarker strategies, and translational challenges.Molecular cancer · 2026Review
- Sex Differences in Metabolite-Immune Circuits of Neuroinflammation.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Co-administered internalizing RGD peptide boosts anti-PD-L1 therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma.JHEP reports : innovation in hepatology · 2026Article
- Article
- Toward Microbiome-Informed Melanoma Care: The Gut Microbiota in Melanoma Evolution, Immunotherapy Response and Immune-Related Toxicity.Current oncology reports · 2026Review
- Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Hematological Malignancies: Current Status and Future Directions.Cancers · 2026Review
- Immune checkpoint blockade in cancer: current insights and future horizons.Discover oncology · 2026Review
- Association between HLA-DRB1*04:05 and the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors for patients with advanced cancer.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The landscape of cancer treatment has undergone a significant transformation with the introduction of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICIs). Patients undergoing these treatments often report prolonged clinical and radiological responses, albeit with a potential risk of developing immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Here, we reviewed and discussed the mechanisms of action of ICIs and their pivotal role in regulating the immune system to enhance the anti-tumor immune response. We scrutinized the intricate pathogenic mechanisms responsible for irAEs, arising from the evasion of self-tolerance checkpoints due to drug-induced immune modulation. We also summarized the main clinical manifestations due to irAEs categorized by organ types, detailing their incidence and associated risk factors. The occurrence of irAEs is more frequent when ICIs are combined; with neurological, cardiovascular, hematological, and rheumatic irAEs more commonly linked to PD1/PD-L1 inhibitors and cutaneous and gastrointestinal irAEs more prevalent with CTLA4 inhibitors. Due to the often-nonspecific signs and symptoms, the diagnosis of irAEs (especially for those rare ones) can be challenging. The differential with primary autoimmune disorders becomes sometimes intricate, given the clinical and pathophysiological similarities. In conclusion, considering the escalating use of ICIs, this area of research necessitates additional clinical studies and practical insights, especially the development of biomarkers for predicting immune toxicities. In addition, there is a need for heightened education for both clinicians and patients to enhance understanding and awareness.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.