ArticleCancers2024
PD-L1 Expression in High-Risk Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer Is Influenced by Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Therapy.
Article in Cancers, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sasanlimab plus BCG in BCG-naive, high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: the randomized phase 3 CREST trial.Nature medicine · 2025Trial
- Beyond the BCG Paradox: Biological Rationale and Clinical Evidence for Combining Intravesical BCG with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in High-Risk Non-muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer.Oncology and therapy · 2026Review
- Bioengineering strategies to enhance BCG immunotherapy against bladder cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The 2025 paradigm shift in urothelial carcinoma pharmacotherapy: from chemotherapy to ADCs and ICIs.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- Changes of urinary immunity and microbiome after intravesical BCG therapy and their association with outcomes in NMIBC.Exploration of targeted anti-tumor therapy · 2026Article
- Disseminated Bacillus Calmette-Guerin infection following concurrent intravesical BCG therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitior therapy: a case report.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- From Bench to Bladder: The Rise in Immune Checkpoint Inhibition in the Treatment of Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer.Cancers · 2025Review
- Differential Role of NKG2A/HLA-E Interaction in the Outcomes of Bladder Cancer Patients Treated withBiomedicines · 2025Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In the expanding landscape of immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPI) in high-risk (HR) non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), the role of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) as prognostic and predictive is increasingly significant. However, data evaluating its variability and susceptibility to Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) therapy in HR NMIBC patients is scarce. This retrospective study analyzed 126 HR NMIBC tissue samples from 63 patients (38× BCG-treated, 25× BCG-naïve) at two time points to assess PD-L1 expression using the 'combined positivity score' (CPS) with the 22C3 DAKO antibody method and correlated it with clinicopathological parameters. A CPS > 10 defined PD-L1 positivity. The impact of initial PD-L1 status and its change over time on time-to-recurrence, progression-free survival, and overall survival (TTR, PFS, OS) was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazard models. BCG treatment significantly increased PD-L1 expression (5.31 vs. 0.22,
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.