ArticleNpj mental health research2024
Large language models could change the future of behavioral healthcare: a proposal for responsible development and evaluation.
Article in Npj mental health research, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06798311 (Reducing Disparities in Urinary Control Symptoms for Minority Women), which is not on this map. Cited by 125 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Reducing Disparities in Urinary Control Symptoms for Minority Women
Who cites it
125 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Perinatal Mental Health Detection and Prediction Using Mobile Sensing Data: Systematic Review.JMIR mental health · 2026Pooled it
- A bibliometric analysis of large language models in mental health research.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Evaluating Generative AI in Mental Health: Systematic Review of Capabilities and Limitations.JMIR mental health · 2025Pooled it
- Beyond the current state of just-in-time adaptive interventions in mental health: a qualitative systematic review.Frontiers in digital health · 2025Pooled it
- Implementation of generative AI for the assessment and treatment of autism spectrum disorders: a scoping review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Large Language Models for Mental Health Applications: Systematic Review.JMIR mental health · 2024Pooled it
- The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Clinical Psychology: How AI and NLP Systems Are Reshaping Psychological Interventions. A Systematic Review.Clinical psychology & psychotherapyPooled it
- Harnessing large language models in virtual CBT for university students' academic anxiety: a preliminary randomized trial.Frontiers in public health · 2026Trial
- A Chatbot-Delivered Stress Management Coaching for Students (MISHA App): Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2024Trial
- Liability and Standard of Care in AI-Driven Psychiatric Practice: European Viewpoint.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Article
- Psychological Therapy in the Age of Large Language Models: Framework for Therapist-Delivered and AI-Supported Functions.JMIR mental health · 2026Article
- Therapist Skepticism and Adaptation to Teletherapy Under Enforced Uptake, With Theoretical Considerations for AI-Mediated Care: Qualitative Study.JMIR formative research · 2026Article
- Large Language Model-Based Behavioral Activation Chatbot for Young People With Depression Using Artificial Users and Clinical Experts: Mixed Methods Evaluation.JMIR mental health · 2026Article
- From Personalization to Therapeutic Continuity: Framework for Memory in AI-Powered Mental Health Systems.JMIR AI · 2026Article
- Large Language Models as a New Tool for Therapists in Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Blinded Clinician Rating Pilot Experiment.JMIR mental health · 2026Article
- Automating Motivational Interviewing Coding in Adolescent Substance Use Prevention: Human-AI Agreement Study.JMIR AI · 2026Article
- From impact factor to human factor: the rise of humanness in the age of intelligent machines.Npj mental health research · 2026Article
- Multiagent Large Language Model Framework for Psychotherapy Fidelity Assessment in Motivational Interviewing and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Training: Cross-Sectional, Simulation-Based Evaluation Study.JMIR medical education · 2026Article
- Conversational AI should fill the white space in mental health care, not replace humans.NPJ digital medicine · 2026Review
- AI Chatbot Use and Disclosure for Mental Health Among US Adolescents and Young Adults.JAMA pediatrics · 2026Article
65 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Large language models (LLMs) such as Open AI's GPT-4 (which power ChatGPT) and Google's Gemini, built on artificial intelligence, hold immense potential to support, augment, or even eventually automate psychotherapy. Enthusiasm about such applications is mounting in the field as well as industry. These developments promise to address insufficient mental healthcare system capacity and scale individual access to personalized treatments. However, clinical psychology is an uncommonly high stakes application domain for AI systems, as responsible and evidence-based therapy requires nuanced expertise. This paper provides a roadmap for the ambitious yet responsible application of clinical LLMs in psychotherapy. First, a technical overview of clinical LLMs is presented. Second, the stages of integration of LLMs into psychotherapy are discussed while highlighting parallels to the development of autonomous vehicle technology. Third, potential applications of LLMs in clinical care, training, and research are discussed, highlighting areas of risk given the complex nature of psychotherapy. Fourth, recommendations for the responsible development and evaluation of clinical LLMs are provided, which include centering clinical science, involving robust interdisciplinary collaboration, and attending to issues like assessment, risk detection, transparency, and bias. Lastly, a vision is outlined for how LLMs might enable a new generation of studies of evidence-based interventions at scale, and how these studies may challenge assumptions about psychotherapy.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.