ReviewJournal of Parkinson's disease2024
The Body, the Brain, the Environment, and Parkinson's Disease.
Review in Journal of Parkinson's disease, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Enteric Nervous System Damage by Food Contaminants: A Pathway to Neurodegeneration?Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety · 2026Pooled it
- Neuroinflammation and noradrenergic modulation with β2-adrenoceptors: Emerging therapeutic targets for Parkinson's diseases.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Atmospheric Aerosol Neurotoxicity and Parkinson's Disease: Mechanisms and Perspectives.Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology · 2026Review
- Brain-first and body-first subtypes of Lewy body disease.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2026Review
- Environmental hazards and climate change: Unmasking Parkinson's hidden enemies.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2026Review
- A comprehensive assessment of lifecourse and mortality of Parkinson's disease in the German National Cohort.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2026Article
- Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, depleted in the Parkinson's disease microbiome, improves motor deficits in α-synuclein overexpressing mice.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2026Article
- Incidence and spatial variation of Parkinson's disease in the Netherlands (2017-2022): a population-based study.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2026Article
- Air Pollution and Parkinson's Disease Pathology: Clinical Evidence and the Molecular Mechanisms Linking Airborne Toxicants to Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration.Parkinson's disease · 2026Review
- Sphingolipid-Neuroinflammation Axis in Parkinson's Disease: Focus on S1P/SPHK1-NF‑κB Signaling.Journal of inflammation research · 2026Review
- A PLAN to address the Parkinson pandemic.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2025Review
- EEG Sensor-Based Parkinson's Disease Detection Using a Multi-Domain Feature Fusion Network.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Parkinson Disease and the Gut: A Primer for Gastroenterologists.The American journal of gastroenterology · 2025Review
- Intrinsic capacity in Lewy body dementia: a review.The Journal of frailty & aging · 2025Review
- Healthcare Complexities in Neurodegenerative Proteinopathies: A Narrative Review.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- The Gut-Brain Axis in Parkinson disease: Emerging Concepts and Therapeutic Implications.Movement disorders clinical practice · 2025Review
- Therapeutic Mechanisms of Exercise in Parkinson's Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Environmental exposures and familial background alter the induction of neuropathology and inflammation after SARS-CoV-2 infection.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2025Article
- Brain Glycogen-Its Metabolic Role in Neuronal Health and Neurological Disorders-An Extensive Narrative Review.Metabolites · 2025Review
- Association between family poverty income ratio and Parkinson's disease in adults aged 40 and older: a study from NHANES 2003-2020.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The brain- and body-first models of Lewy body disorders predict that aggregated alpha-synuclein pathology usually begins in either the olfactory system or the enteric nervous system. In both scenarios the pathology seems to arise in structures that are closely connected to the outside world. Environmental toxicants, including certain pesticides, industrial chemicals, and air pollution are therefore plausible trigger mechanisms for Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Here, we propose that toxicants inhaled through the nose can lead to pathological changes in alpha-synuclein in the olfactory system that subsequently spread and give rise to a brain-first subtype of Lewy body disease. Similarly, ingested toxicants can pass through the gut and cause alpha-synuclein pathology that then extends via parasympathetic and sympathetic pathways to ultimately produce a body-first subtype. The resulting spread can be tracked by the development of symptoms, clinical assessments, in vivo imaging, and ultimately pathological examination. The integration of environmental exposures into the brain-first and body-first models generates testable hypotheses, including on the prevalence of the clinical conditions, their future incidence, imaging patterns, and pathological signatures. The proposed link, though, has limitations and leaves many questions unanswered, such as the role of the skin, the influence of the microbiome, and the effects of ongoing exposures. Despite these limitations, the interaction of exogenous factors with the nose and the gut may explain many of the mysteries of Parkinson's disease and open the door toward the ultimate goal -prevention.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.