ArticleThe Analyst2024
Understanding the different effects of fouling mechanisms on working and reference electrodes in fast-scan cyclic voltammetry for neurotransmitter detection.
Article in The Analyst, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Flexible Multimodal Neural Probe with Integrated Three-Electrode Aptameric Sensing for In Vivo Monitoring of Dopamine Dynamics and Neural Activity.ACS chemical neuroscience · 2026Article
- Measuring vancomycin using paired pulse voltammetry with a wireless instantaneous neurotransmitter concentration sensing system for point-of-care patient treatment.Biomedical engineering letters · 2026Article
- Boron-Doped Nano-Crystalline Coated Carbon Fibers for Phasic Dopamine Sensing.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Article
- Zwitterionic polymer coating enabled chronic dopamine sensing and electrophysiology recording in free-moving mice.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Machine Learning for Neurotransmitter Monitoring by Fast Voltammetry: Current and Future Prospects.ACS chemical neuroscience · 2026Review
- Fouling Control of Ion-Selective Electrodes (ISEs) in Aquatic and Aquacultural Environments: A Comprehensive Review.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Direct Single-Impact Electrochemistry Using Silver Nanoparticles as a "Digital" Readout for Biosensing Applications.ACS sensors · 2025Review
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- Measurement of Real-Time Serotonin Dynamics from Human-Derived Gut Organoids.Analytical chemistry · 2025Article
- Recent Progress in Flexible Microelectrode Arrays for Combined Electrophysiological and Electrochemical Sensing.Biosensors · 2025Review
- Carbon microelectrodes for the measurement of neurotransmitters with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry: methodology and applications.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) is a widely used technique for detecting neurotransmitters. However, electrode fouling can negatively impact its accuracy and sensitivity. Fouling refers to the accumulation of unwanted materials on the electrode surface, which can alter its electrochemical properties and reduce its sensitivity and selectivity. Fouling mechanisms can be broad and may include biofouling, the accumulation of biomolecules on the electrode surface, and chemical fouling, the deposition of unwanted chemical species. Despite individual studies discussing fouling effects on either the working electrode or the reference electrode, no comprehensive study has been conducted to compare the overall fouling effects on both electrodes in the context of FSCV. Here, we examined the effects of biofouling and chemical fouling on the carbon fiber micro-electrode (CFME) as the working electrode and the Ag/AgCl reference electrode with FSCV. Both fouling mechanisms significantly decreased the sensitivity and caused peak voltage shifts in the FSCV signal with the CFME, but not with the Ag/AgCl reference electrode. Interestingly, previous studies have reported peak voltage shifts in FSCV signals due to the fouling of Ag/AgCl electrodes after implantation in the brain. We noticed in a previous study that energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) spectra showed increased sulfide ion concentration after implantation. We hypothesized that sulfide ions may be responsible for the peak voltage shift. To test this hypothesis, we added sulfide ions to the buffer solution, which decreased the open circuit potential of the Ag/AgCl electrode and caused a peak voltage shift in the FSCV voltammograms. Also, EDS analysis showed that sulfide ion concentration increased on the surface of the Ag/AgCl electrodes after 3 weeks of chronic implantation, necessitating consideration of sulfide ions as the fouling agent for the reference electrodes. Overall, our study provides important insights into the mechanisms of electrode fouling and its impact on FSCV measurements. These findings could inform the design of FSCV experiments, with the development of new strategies for improving the accuracy and reliability of FSCV measurements
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