ArticleJournal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhA
The association between naloxone claims and proportion of independent versus chain pharmacies: A longitudinal analysis of naloxone claims in the United States.
Article in Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhA. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- A geospatial analysis of naloxone distribution patterns in the Massachusetts overdose education and naloxone distribution program (MA OEND).Drug and alcohol dependence · 2025Article
- Naloxone training programs in corporately-owned versus independently-owned Alabama community pharmacies: A pilot cross-sectional survey.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2025Article
- Transforming Opioid Overdose Prevention in the United States: Leveraging FDA's Narcan Approval to Foster a Culture of Health.Risk management and healthcare policy · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundExpanding access to naloxone through pharmacies is an important policy goal. Our objective was to characterize national county-level naloxone dispensing of chain versus independent pharmacies.
methodsThe primary exposure in our longitudinal analysis was the proportion of chain pharmacies in a county, identified through the U.S. Department of Homeland Security 2010 Infrastructure Foundation-Level Data. We defined counties as having "higher proportion" of chain pharmacies if at least 50% of pharmacies were large national chains. The primary outcome was quarter-year (2016Q1-2019Q2) rate of pharmacy naloxone claims per 100,000 persons from Symphony Health at the county level. We compared the naloxone dispensing rate between county types using 2-sample t tests. We estimated the association between county-level chain pharmacy proportion and rate of naloxone claims using a linear model with year-quarter fixed effects.
resultsNearly one-third of counties (n = 946) were higher proportion. Higher proportion counties had a significantly higher rate of naloxone claims across the study period, in 4 of 6 urban-rural classifications, and in counties with and without naloxone access laws (NALs). The linear model confirmed that higher proportion counties had a significantly higher rate of naloxone claims, adjusting for urban-rural designation, income, population characteristics, opioid mortality rate, coprescribing laws, and NALs.
conclusionIn this national study, we found an association between naloxone dispensing rates and the county-level proportion of chain (vs. independent) pharmacies. Incentivizing naloxone dispensing through educational, regulatory, or legal efforts may improve naloxone availability and dispensing rates-particularly in counties with proportionately high numbers of independent pharmacies.
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