ArticleNeurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation2024
Predictors and Clinical Characteristics of Relapses in LGI1-Antibody Encephalitis.
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In one paragraph
Article in Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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20citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Recurrence of Autoimmune Encephalitis.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2026Pooled it
- Structural Brain Changes Are Linked to Clinical and Cognitive Outcomes in Anti-LGI1 Encephalitis.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2026Observational
- Optimizing the Use of Anti-CD20 Agents in Multiple Sclerosis and Other Autoimmune Central Nervous System Disorders: A Narrative Review.Neurology and therapy · 2026Review
- Anti leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1) antibody-positive limbic encephalitis with evolving basal ganglia T1WI hyperintensity: A case report.Radiology case reports · 2026Article
- The Treatment of Antibody-Mediated Encephalitis: Current, Future Therapies, Unmet Need and Patient Management.Advances in therapy · 2026Review
- Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Early-Onset Versus Late-Onset LGI1-Antibody Encephalitis.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2026Article
- [18F]fluorodeprenyl-D2 PET can detect and monitor astrogliosis in anti-LGI1-IgG autoimmune encephalitis.European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging · 2026Article
- Relapse predictors and brain atrophy in antibody-positive and antibody-negative autoimmune encephalitis: a multicenter cohort study.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Relapse risk and functional outcomes in anti-LGI1 encephalitis: A multicenter retrospective analysis.Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders · 2026Article
- High Relapse Rate in Anti-CASPR2 Disease: Implications for Prolonged Immunotherapy.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2026Observational
- Development of anti-LGI1 autoimmune encephalitis outcome rating score using the Rasch analysis.Journal of neurology · 2025Article
- Cytokine, Chemokine, and Neurofilament Light Chain Signatures in LGI1 Autoimmune Encephalitis.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2025Article
- Risk of Epilepsy and Factors Associated With Time to Seizure Remission in Anti-LGI1 Encephalitis: Long-Term Outcome in 236 Patients.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2025Observational
- Serum Autoantibody Titers and Neurofilament Light Chain Levels in CASPR2/LGI1 Encephalitis: A Longitudinal Study.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Relapses in Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis: Clinical Characterization and Predictive Features.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2025Observational
- Acute and Long-Term Immune-Treatment Strategies in Anti-LGI1 Antibody-Mediated Encephalitis: A Multicenter Cohort Study.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2025Observational
- Cognitive Deficits in Anti-LGI1 Encephalitis Are Linked to Immunotherapy-Resistant White Matter Network Changes.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Long-term outcomes in leucine-rich glioma inactivated-1 autoimmune encephalitis and associated biomarkers of inflammation and neuronal and glial injury.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Anti-LGI1 encephalitis: clinical presentation, imaging features, and prognostic analysis.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in immune checkpoint inhibitor-related encephalitis: a retrospective cohort study.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
17 authors.
Lucia CampetellaFrom the French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis (L.C., A.F., M.V.-G., M.V., M.B., A.V., G.P., V.R., B.J., J.H., S.M.-C.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; MeLiS - UCBL-CNRS UMR 5284 - INSERM U1314 (L.C., A.F., M.V.-G., M.B., A.V., B.J., J.H., S.M.-C.), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France; Department of Neuroscience (A.F.), Psychology, Pharmacology and Child Health, University of Florence, Italy; Department of Biostatistics (N.T.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Clinical Neurology (A.V.), Santa Maria Della Misericordia University Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASU FC); Department of Medicine (DAME) (A.V.), University of Udine, Italy; Neurology Department 2-Mazarin (D.P.), Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, APHP; Brain and Spinal Cord Institute (D.P.), INSERM U1127/CNRS UMR 7255, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Universités Sorbonnes, Paris; Neurology Department (M.R.), Hôpital Pierre Paul Riquet, CHU de Toulouse; Neurology Department (E.C.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Gabriel Montpied, Clermont-Ferrand; Neurology Department (C.M.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux; Immunology Department (D.G.), Hôpital Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; and Stanford Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine (S.M.-C.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA.
Antonio FarinaFrom the French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis (L.C., A.F., M.V.-G., M.V., M.B., A.V., G.P., V.R., B.J., J.H., S.M.-C.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; MeLiS - UCBL-CNRS UMR 5284 - INSERM U1314 (L.C., A.F., M.V.-G., M.B., A.V., B.J., J.H., S.M.-C.), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France; Department of Neuroscience (A.F.), Psychology, Pharmacology and Child Health, University of Florence, Italy; Department of Biostatistics (N.T.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Clinical Neurology (A.V.), Santa Maria Della Misericordia University Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASU FC); Department of Medicine (DAME) (A.V.), University of Udine, Italy; Neurology Department 2-Mazarin (D.P.), Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, APHP; Brain and Spinal Cord Institute (D.P.), INSERM U1127/CNRS UMR 7255, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Universités Sorbonnes, Paris; Neurology Department (M.R.), Hôpital Pierre Paul Riquet, CHU de Toulouse; Neurology Department (E.C.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Gabriel Montpied, Clermont-Ferrand; Neurology Department (C.M.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux; Immunology Department (D.G.), Hôpital Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; and Stanford Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine (S.M.-C.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA.ORCID 0000-0002-5551-0185
Macarena Villagrán-GarcíaFrom the French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis (L.C., A.F., M.V.-G., M.V., M.B., A.V., G.P., V.R., B.J., J.H., S.M.-C.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; MeLiS - UCBL-CNRS UMR 5284 - INSERM U1314 (L.C., A.F., M.V.-G., M.B., A.V., B.J., J.H., S.M.-C.), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France; Department of Neuroscience (A.F.), Psychology, Pharmacology and Child Health, University of Florence, Italy; Department of Biostatistics (N.T.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Clinical Neurology (A.V.), Santa Maria Della Misericordia University Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASU FC); Department of Medicine (DAME) (A.V.), University of Udine, Italy; Neurology Department 2-Mazarin (D.P.), Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, APHP; Brain and Spinal Cord Institute (D.P.), INSERM U1127/CNRS UMR 7255, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Universités Sorbonnes, Paris; Neurology Department (M.R.), Hôpital Pierre Paul Riquet, CHU de Toulouse; Neurology Department (E.C.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Gabriel Montpied, Clermont-Ferrand; Neurology Department (C.M.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux; Immunology Department (D.G.), Hôpital Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; and Stanford Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine (S.M.-C.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA.ORCID 0000-0001-9236-2428
Marine VillardFrom the French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis (L.C., A.F., M.V.-G., M.V., M.B., A.V., G.P., V.R., B.J., J.H., S.M.-C.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; MeLiS - UCBL-CNRS UMR 5284 - INSERM U1314 (L.C., A.F., M.V.-G., M.B., A.V., B.J., J.H., S.M.-C.), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France; Department of Neuroscience (A.F.), Psychology, Pharmacology and Child Health, University of Florence, Italy; Department of Biostatistics (N.T.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Clinical Neurology (A.V.), Santa Maria Della Misericordia University Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASU FC); Department of Medicine (DAME) (A.V.), University of Udine, Italy; Neurology Department 2-Mazarin (D.P.), Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, APHP; Brain and Spinal Cord Institute (D.P.), INSERM U1127/CNRS UMR 7255, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Universités Sorbonnes, Paris; Neurology Department (M.R.), Hôpital Pierre Paul Riquet, CHU de Toulouse; Neurology Department (E.C.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Gabriel Montpied, Clermont-Ferrand; Neurology Department (C.M.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux; Immunology Department (D.G.), Hôpital Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; and Stanford Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine (S.M.-C.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA.ORCID 0000-0002-1061-2321
Marie BenaiteauFrom the French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis (L.C., A.F., M.V.-G., M.V., M.B., A.V., G.P., V.R., B.J., J.H., S.M.-C.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; MeLiS - UCBL-CNRS UMR 5284 - INSERM U1314 (L.C., A.F., M.V.-G., M.B., A.V., B.J., J.H., S.M.-C.), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France; Department of Neuroscience (A.F.), Psychology, Pharmacology and Child Health, University of Florence, Italy; Department of Biostatistics (N.T.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Clinical Neurology (A.V.), Santa Maria Della Misericordia University Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASU FC); Department of Medicine (DAME) (A.V.), University of Udine, Italy; Neurology Department 2-Mazarin (D.P.), Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, APHP; Brain and Spinal Cord Institute (D.P.), INSERM U1127/CNRS UMR 7255, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Universités Sorbonnes, Paris; Neurology Department (M.R.), Hôpital Pierre Paul Riquet, CHU de Toulouse; Neurology Department (E.C.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Gabriel Montpied, Clermont-Ferrand; Neurology Department (C.M.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux; Immunology Department (D.G.), Hôpital Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; and Stanford Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine (S.M.-C.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA.ORCID 0009-0005-2347-6006
Noémie TimestitFrom the French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis (L.C., A.F., M.V.-G., M.V., M.B., A.V., G.P., V.R., B.J., J.H., S.M.-C.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; MeLiS - UCBL-CNRS UMR 5284 - INSERM U1314 (L.C., A.F., M.V.-G., M.B., A.V., B.J., J.H., S.M.-C.), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France; Department of Neuroscience (A.F.), Psychology, Pharmacology and Child Health, University of Florence, Italy; Department of Biostatistics (N.T.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Clinical Neurology (A.V.), Santa Maria Della Misericordia University Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASU FC); Department of Medicine (DAME) (A.V.), University of Udine, Italy; Neurology Department 2-Mazarin (D.P.), Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, APHP; Brain and Spinal Cord Institute (D.P.), INSERM U1127/CNRS UMR 7255, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Universités Sorbonnes, Paris; Neurology Department (M.R.), Hôpital Pierre Paul Riquet, CHU de Toulouse; Neurology Department (E.C.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Gabriel Montpied, Clermont-Ferrand; Neurology Department (C.M.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux; Immunology Department (D.G.), Hôpital Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; and Stanford Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine (S.M.-C.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA.
Alberto VogrigFrom the French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis (L.C., A.F., M.V.-G., M.V., M.B., A.V., G.P., V.R., B.J., J.H., S.M.-C.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; MeLiS - UCBL-CNRS UMR 5284 - INSERM U1314 (L.C., A.F., M.V.-G., M.B., A.V., B.J., J.H., S.M.-C.), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France; Department of Neuroscience (A.F.), Psychology, Pharmacology and Child Health, University of Florence, Italy; Department of Biostatistics (N.T.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Clinical Neurology (A.V.), Santa Maria Della Misericordia University Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASU FC); Department of Medicine (DAME) (A.V.), University of Udine, Italy; Neurology Department 2-Mazarin (D.P.), Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, APHP; Brain and Spinal Cord Institute (D.P.), INSERM U1127/CNRS UMR 7255, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Universités Sorbonnes, Paris; Neurology Department (M.R.), Hôpital Pierre Paul Riquet, CHU de Toulouse; Neurology Department (E.C.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Gabriel Montpied, Clermont-Ferrand; Neurology Department (C.M.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux; Immunology Department (D.G.), Hôpital Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; and Stanford Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine (S.M.-C.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA.ORCID 0000-0002-3652-7061
Géraldine PicardFrom the French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis (L.C., A.F., M.V.-G., M.V., M.B., A.V., G.P., V.R., B.J., J.H., S.M.-C.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; MeLiS - UCBL-CNRS UMR 5284 - INSERM U1314 (L.C., A.F., M.V.-G., M.B., A.V., B.J., J.H., S.M.-C.), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France; Department of Neuroscience (A.F.), Psychology, Pharmacology and Child Health, University of Florence, Italy; Department of Biostatistics (N.T.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Clinical Neurology (A.V.), Santa Maria Della Misericordia University Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASU FC); Department of Medicine (DAME) (A.V.), University of Udine, Italy; Neurology Department 2-Mazarin (D.P.), Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, APHP; Brain and Spinal Cord Institute (D.P.), INSERM U1127/CNRS UMR 7255, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Universités Sorbonnes, Paris; Neurology Department (M.R.), Hôpital Pierre Paul Riquet, CHU de Toulouse; Neurology Department (E.C.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Gabriel Montpied, Clermont-Ferrand; Neurology Department (C.M.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux; Immunology Department (D.G.), Hôpital Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; and Stanford Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine (S.M.-C.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA.ORCID 0000-0003-1282-267X
Véronique RogemondFrom the French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis (L.C., A.F., M.V.-G., M.V., M.B., A.V., G.P., V.R., B.J., J.H., S.M.-C.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; MeLiS - UCBL-CNRS UMR 5284 - INSERM U1314 (L.C., A.F., M.V.-G., M.B., A.V., B.J., J.H., S.M.-C.), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France; Department of Neuroscience (A.F.), Psychology, Pharmacology and Child Health, University of Florence, Italy; Department of Biostatistics (N.T.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Clinical Neurology (A.V.), Santa Maria Della Misericordia University Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASU FC); Department of Medicine (DAME) (A.V.), University of Udine, Italy; Neurology Department 2-Mazarin (D.P.), Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, APHP; Brain and Spinal Cord Institute (D.P.), INSERM U1127/CNRS UMR 7255, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Universités Sorbonnes, Paris; Neurology Department (M.R.), Hôpital Pierre Paul Riquet, CHU de Toulouse; Neurology Department (E.C.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Gabriel Montpied, Clermont-Ferrand; Neurology Department (C.M.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux; Immunology Department (D.G.), Hôpital Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; and Stanford Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine (S.M.-C.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA.ORCID 0000-0003-2098-920X
Dimitri PsimarasFrom the French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis (L.C., A.F., M.V.-G., M.V., M.B., A.V., G.P., V.R., B.J., J.H., S.M.-C.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; MeLiS - UCBL-CNRS UMR 5284 - INSERM U1314 (L.C., A.F., M.V.-G., M.B., A.V., B.J., J.H., S.M.-C.), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France; Department of Neuroscience (A.F.), Psychology, Pharmacology and Child Health, University of Florence, Italy; Department of Biostatistics (N.T.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Clinical Neurology (A.V.), Santa Maria Della Misericordia University Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASU FC); Department of Medicine (DAME) (A.V.), University of Udine, Italy; Neurology Department 2-Mazarin (D.P.), Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, APHP; Brain and Spinal Cord Institute (D.P.), INSERM U1127/CNRS UMR 7255, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Universités Sorbonnes, Paris; Neurology Department (M.R.), Hôpital Pierre Paul Riquet, CHU de Toulouse; Neurology Department (E.C.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Gabriel Montpied, Clermont-Ferrand; Neurology Department (C.M.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux; Immunology Department (D.G.), Hôpital Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; and Stanford Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine (S.M.-C.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA.ORCID 0000-0002-6641-288X
Marie RafiqFrom the French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis (L.C., A.F., M.V.-G., M.V., M.B., A.V., G.P., V.R., B.J., J.H., S.M.-C.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; MeLiS - UCBL-CNRS UMR 5284 - INSERM U1314 (L.C., A.F., M.V.-G., M.B., A.V., B.J., J.H., S.M.-C.), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France; Department of Neuroscience (A.F.), Psychology, Pharmacology and Child Health, University of Florence, Italy; Department of Biostatistics (N.T.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Clinical Neurology (A.V.), Santa Maria Della Misericordia University Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASU FC); Department of Medicine (DAME) (A.V.), University of Udine, Italy; Neurology Department 2-Mazarin (D.P.), Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, APHP; Brain and Spinal Cord Institute (D.P.), INSERM U1127/CNRS UMR 7255, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Universités Sorbonnes, Paris; Neurology Department (M.R.), Hôpital Pierre Paul Riquet, CHU de Toulouse; Neurology Department (E.C.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Gabriel Montpied, Clermont-Ferrand; Neurology Department (C.M.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux; Immunology Department (D.G.), Hôpital Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; and Stanford Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine (S.M.-C.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA.ORCID 0000-0002-1501-9113
Eve ChansonFrom the French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis (L.C., A.F., M.V.-G., M.V., M.B., A.V., G.P., V.R., B.J., J.H., S.M.-C.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; MeLiS - UCBL-CNRS UMR 5284 - INSERM U1314 (L.C., A.F., M.V.-G., M.B., A.V., B.J., J.H., S.M.-C.), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France; Department of Neuroscience (A.F.), Psychology, Pharmacology and Child Health, University of Florence, Italy; Department of Biostatistics (N.T.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Clinical Neurology (A.V.), Santa Maria Della Misericordia University Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASU FC); Department of Medicine (DAME) (A.V.), University of Udine, Italy; Neurology Department 2-Mazarin (D.P.), Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, APHP; Brain and Spinal Cord Institute (D.P.), INSERM U1127/CNRS UMR 7255, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Universités Sorbonnes, Paris; Neurology Department (M.R.), Hôpital Pierre Paul Riquet, CHU de Toulouse; Neurology Department (E.C.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Gabriel Montpied, Clermont-Ferrand; Neurology Department (C.M.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux; Immunology Department (D.G.), Hôpital Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; and Stanford Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine (S.M.-C.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA.ORCID 0000-0003-1230-0329
Cecile MarchalFrom the French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis (L.C., A.F., M.V.-G., M.V., M.B., A.V., G.P., V.R., B.J., J.H., S.M.-C.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; MeLiS - UCBL-CNRS UMR 5284 - INSERM U1314 (L.C., A.F., M.V.-G., M.B., A.V., B.J., J.H., S.M.-C.), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France; Department of Neuroscience (A.F.), Psychology, Pharmacology and Child Health, University of Florence, Italy; Department of Biostatistics (N.T.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Clinical Neurology (A.V.), Santa Maria Della Misericordia University Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASU FC); Department of Medicine (DAME) (A.V.), University of Udine, Italy; Neurology Department 2-Mazarin (D.P.), Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, APHP; Brain and Spinal Cord Institute (D.P.), INSERM U1127/CNRS UMR 7255, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Universités Sorbonnes, Paris; Neurology Department (M.R.), Hôpital Pierre Paul Riquet, CHU de Toulouse; Neurology Department (E.C.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Gabriel Montpied, Clermont-Ferrand; Neurology Department (C.M.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux; Immunology Department (D.G.), Hôpital Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; and Stanford Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine (S.M.-C.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA.ORCID 0000-0002-0633-6192
David GoncalvesFrom the French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis (L.C., A.F., M.V.-G., M.V., M.B., A.V., G.P., V.R., B.J., J.H., S.M.-C.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; MeLiS - UCBL-CNRS UMR 5284 - INSERM U1314 (L.C., A.F., M.V.-G., M.B., A.V., B.J., J.H., S.M.-C.), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France; Department of Neuroscience (A.F.), Psychology, Pharmacology and Child Health, University of Florence, Italy; Department of Biostatistics (N.T.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Clinical Neurology (A.V.), Santa Maria Della Misericordia University Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASU FC); Department of Medicine (DAME) (A.V.), University of Udine, Italy; Neurology Department 2-Mazarin (D.P.), Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, APHP; Brain and Spinal Cord Institute (D.P.), INSERM U1127/CNRS UMR 7255, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Universités Sorbonnes, Paris; Neurology Department (M.R.), Hôpital Pierre Paul Riquet, CHU de Toulouse; Neurology Department (E.C.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Gabriel Montpied, Clermont-Ferrand; Neurology Department (C.M.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux; Immunology Department (D.G.), Hôpital Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; and Stanford Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine (S.M.-C.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA.ORCID 0000-0002-7707-0918
Bastien JoubertFrom the French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis (L.C., A.F., M.V.-G., M.V., M.B., A.V., G.P., V.R., B.J., J.H., S.M.-C.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; MeLiS - UCBL-CNRS UMR 5284 - INSERM U1314 (L.C., A.F., M.V.-G., M.B., A.V., B.J., J.H., S.M.-C.), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France; Department of Neuroscience (A.F.), Psychology, Pharmacology and Child Health, University of Florence, Italy; Department of Biostatistics (N.T.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Clinical Neurology (A.V.), Santa Maria Della Misericordia University Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASU FC); Department of Medicine (DAME) (A.V.), University of Udine, Italy; Neurology Department 2-Mazarin (D.P.), Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, APHP; Brain and Spinal Cord Institute (D.P.), INSERM U1127/CNRS UMR 7255, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Universités Sorbonnes, Paris; Neurology Department (M.R.), Hôpital Pierre Paul Riquet, CHU de Toulouse; Neurology Department (E.C.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Gabriel Montpied, Clermont-Ferrand; Neurology Department (C.M.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux; Immunology Department (D.G.), Hôpital Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; and Stanford Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine (S.M.-C.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA.ORCID 0000-0003-4631-3056
Jérôme HonnoratFrom the French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis (L.C., A.F., M.V.-G., M.V., M.B., A.V., G.P., V.R., B.J., J.H., S.M.-C.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; MeLiS - UCBL-CNRS UMR 5284 - INSERM U1314 (L.C., A.F., M.V.-G., M.B., A.V., B.J., J.H., S.M.-C.), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France; Department of Neuroscience (A.F.), Psychology, Pharmacology and Child Health, University of Florence, Italy; Department of Biostatistics (N.T.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Clinical Neurology (A.V.), Santa Maria Della Misericordia University Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASU FC); Department of Medicine (DAME) (A.V.), University of Udine, Italy; Neurology Department 2-Mazarin (D.P.), Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, APHP; Brain and Spinal Cord Institute (D.P.), INSERM U1127/CNRS UMR 7255, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Universités Sorbonnes, Paris; Neurology Department (M.R.), Hôpital Pierre Paul Riquet, CHU de Toulouse; Neurology Department (E.C.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Gabriel Montpied, Clermont-Ferrand; Neurology Department (C.M.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux; Immunology Department (D.G.), Hôpital Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; and Stanford Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine (S.M.-C.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA.ORCID 0000-0002-4721-5952
Sergio Muñiz-CastrilloFrom the French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis (L.C., A.F., M.V.-G., M.V., M.B., A.V., G.P., V.R., B.J., J.H., S.M.-C.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; MeLiS - UCBL-CNRS UMR 5284 - INSERM U1314 (L.C., A.F., M.V.-G., M.B., A.V., B.J., J.H., S.M.-C.), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France; Department of Neuroscience (A.F.), Psychology, Pharmacology and Child Health, University of Florence, Italy; Department of Biostatistics (N.T.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Clinical Neurology (A.V.), Santa Maria Della Misericordia University Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASU FC); Department of Medicine (DAME) (A.V.), University of Udine, Italy; Neurology Department 2-Mazarin (D.P.), Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, APHP; Brain and Spinal Cord Institute (D.P.), INSERM U1127/CNRS UMR 7255, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Universités Sorbonnes, Paris; Neurology Department (M.R.), Hôpital Pierre Paul Riquet, CHU de Toulouse; Neurology Department (E.C.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Gabriel Montpied, Clermont-Ferrand; Neurology Department (C.M.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux; Immunology Department (D.G.), Hôpital Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; and Stanford Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine (S.M.-C.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA.ORCID 0000-0001-5958-3288
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
objectivesRelapses occur in 15%-25% of patients with leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 antibody (LGI1-Ab) autoimmune encephalitis and may cause additional disability. In this study, we clinically characterized the relapses and identified factors predicting their occurrence.
methodsThis is a retrospective chart review of patients with LGI1-Ab encephalitis diagnosed at our center between 2005 and 2022. Relapse was defined as worsening of previous or appearance of new symptoms after at least 3 months of clinical stabilization.
resultsAmong 210 patients, 30 (14%) experienced a total of 33 relapses. The median time to first relapse was 23.9 months (range: 4.9-110.1, interquartile range [IQR]: 17.8). The CSF was inflammatory in 11/25 (44%) relapses, while LGI1-Abs were found in the serum in 16/24 (67%) and in the CSF in 12/26 (46%); brain MRI was abnormal in 16/26 (62%) relapses. Compared with the initial episode, relapses manifested less frequently with 3 or more symptoms (4/30 patients, 13% vs 28/30, 93%; DISCUSSION: Relapses may occur years after the initial encephalitis episode and are usually milder but cause additional disability. Corticosteroid treatment reduces the risk of future relapses, while patients with residual cognitive dysfunction after the initial episode have an increased relapse risk.
Indexed as
EncephalitisAutoantibodiesHumansMagnetic Resonance ImagingRecurrenceRetrospective StudiesAutoantibodies
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