Accurate Memory Kernel Extraction from Discretized Time-Series Data.

Memory effects emerge as a fundamental consequence of dimensionality reduction when low-dimensional observables are used to describe the dynamics of complex many-body systems. In the context of molecular dynamics (MD) data analysis, accounting for memory effects using the framework of the generalized Langevin equation (GLE) has proven efficient, accurate, and insightful, particularly when working with high-resolution time series data. However, in experimental systems, high-resolution data are often unavailable, raising questions about the impact of the data resolution on the estimated GLE parameters. This study demonstrates that direct memory extraction from time series data remains accurate when the discretization time is below the memory time. To obtain memory functions reliably, even when the discretization time exceeds the memory time, we introduce a Gaussian Process Optimization (GPO) scheme. This scheme minimizes the deviation of discretized two-point correlation functions between time series data and GLE simulations and is able to estimate accurate memory kernels as long as the discretization time stays below the longest time scale in the data, typically the barrier crossing time.