Single and combined association between brominated flame retardants and cardiovascular disease: a large-scale cross-sectional study.

Introduction: The single and combined association between brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) has remained unelucidated. This research aimed at exploring the associations between mixture of BFRs and CVD. Methods: This research encompassed adult participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2005-2016. The weighted quantile sum (WQS) model and quantile g-computation (QGC) model were applied to examine the combined effects of BFRs mixture on CVD. Results: In this research, overall 7,032 individuals were included. In comparison with the lowest quartile, the highest quartile of PBB153 showed a positive association with CVD, with odds ratio (OR) values and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of 19.2 (10.9, 34.0). Furthermore, the acquired data indicated that PBB153 (OR: 1.23; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.49), PBB99 (OR: 1.29; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.58), and PBB154 (OR: 1.29; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.63) were linked to congestive heart failure. PBB153 was also related to coronary heart disease (OR: 1.29; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.56). Additionally, a positive correlation between the BFRs mixture and CVD (positive model: OR: 1.23; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.47) was observed in the weighted quantile sum (WQS) model and the quantile g-computation (QGC) model. Discussion: Therefore, exposure to BFRs has been observed to heighten the risk of cardiovascular disease in US adults, particularly in the case of PBB153. Further investigation is warranted through a large-scale cohort study to validate and strengthen these findings.