ReviewOxford open neuroscience2023
Glioblastoma modeling with 3D organoids: progress and challenges.
Review in Oxford open neuroscience, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mimicking tumor hypoxia in a glioblastoma-on-a-chip.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Current Perspectives on 2D and 3D Cell Culture Models in Cancer Research: Molecular Determinants of Tumor Biology and Therapeutic Response.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- Flash Assembloids: A Rapid Biofabrication of a Platform for Modeling Early Glioblastoma Invasion at the Glioblastoma-Brain Organoid Interfaces.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Article
- Mechanisms, Microenvironments, and Models: Understanding Therapeutic Resistance in Glioblastoma.International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics · 2026Review
- Review
- From patient to tumor organoid: Culture protocol choice controls glioblastoma tumor architecture and identity.Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Forming a Precise and Reproducible Hypoxic Tumor Microenvironment in Glioblastoma by High Cell Density Bioprinting.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Article
- Patient-derived glioblastoma cultures preserve respiration phenotypes during ex vivo maintenance and show sex-associated differences in migration.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2026Article
- Article
- 3D Bioprinting for Tumor Microenvironment Reconstruction: Advances, Challenges, and Future Perspectives.Biotechnology journal · 2026Review
- Organoids to Model Tumor Microenvironment in Progression of Pathogenesis and Treatment Resistance in Glioblastoma Multiforme.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- Cellular and inflammatory characteristics of patient‑derived glioblastoma organoids duringOncology reports · 2026Article
- Heat up and Destroy: Immunotherapy of "Cold" Tumors Using the Example of Glioblastoma.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Overcoming Chemoresistance in Glioblastoma: Mechanisms, Therapeutic Strategies, and Functional Precision Medicine.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Review
- A spatiotemporal state-inference framework for adaptive immunotherapy in glioblastoma.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- The application of AI-driven and engineered intratumoral microbes in cancer therapy.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Review
- Exploring the biomechanical complexity of glioblastoma spheroids and organoids with co-localized Brillouin and Raman microspectroscopy.Biochemistry and biophysics reports · 2025Article
- Extracellular vesicles released by glioblastoma cancer cells drive tumor invasiveness via Connexin-43 gap junctions.Neuro-oncology · 2025Article
- Modeling Glioblastoma with Brain Organoids: New Frontiers in Oncology and Space Research.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive adult primary brain tumor with nearly universal treatment resistance and recurrence. The mainstay of therapy remains maximal safe surgical resection followed by concurrent radiation therapy and temozolomide chemotherapy. Despite intensive investigation, alternative treatment options, such as immunotherapy or targeted molecular therapy, have yielded limited success to achieve long-term remission. This difficulty is partly due to the lack of pre-clinical models that fully recapitulate the intratumoral and intertumoral heterogeneity of GBM and the complex tumor microenvironment. Recently, GBM 3D organoids originating from resected patient tumors, genetic manipulation of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived brain organoids and bio-printing or fusion with non-malignant tissues have emerged as novel culture systems to portray the biology of GBM. Here, we highlight several methodologies for generating GBM organoids and discuss insights gained using such organoid models compared to classic modeling approaches using cell lines and xenografts. We also outline limitations of current GBM 3D organoids, most notably the difficulty retaining the tumor microenvironment, and discuss current efforts for improvements. Finally, we propose potential applications of organoid models for a deeper mechanistic understanding of GBM and therapeutic development.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.