Evidence map›Paper›PMID 38594706›Full record

ArticlePopulation health metrics2024

Prevalence of menthol cigarette use among adults who smoke from the United States by census division and demographic subgroup, 2002-2020: findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) project.

Pete Driezen, Shannon Gravely, Karin A Kasza, Mary E Thompson, K Michael Cummings, Andrew Hyland, Geoffrey T Fong

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Population health metrics, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Identifying key beliefs for anti-disinformation messaging for Black adults about proposed US bans on menthol cigarettes and flavored cigars.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2026
    Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Pete DriezenDepartment of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada. prdriezen@uwaterloo.ca.
Shannon GravelyDepartment of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
Karin A KaszaDepartment of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA.
Mary E ThompsonDepartment of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
K Michael CummingsPsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
Andrew HylandDepartment of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA.
Geoffrey T FongDepartment of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.

Funding

Vaporized Nicotine Product Initiation Among Youth in the US, Canada, and England: Methods to Predict Uptake and Policy EfficacyP01CA200512 · NCI · MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA · PI HAMMOND, DAVID · 2016 to 2025
$25.3M
International Tobacco Policy SurveyR01CA100362 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO · PI FONG, GEOFFREY T · 2005 to 2013
$4.7M
CIHR FDN-148477CIHR MOP-57897NCI NIH HHS P01 CA200512NCI NIH HHS R01 CA100362
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundTargeted marketing of menthol cigarettes in the US influences disparities in the prevalence of menthol smoking. There has been no analysis of sub-national data documenting differences in use across demographic subgroups. This study estimated trends in the prevalence of menthol use among adults who smoke in the nine US census divisions by sex, age, and race/ethnicity from 2002 to 2020.

methodsData from 12 waves of the US ITC Survey were used to estimate the prevalence of menthol cigarette use across census divisions and demographic subgroups using multilevel regression and post-stratification (n = 12,020). Multilevel logistic regression was used to predict the prevalence of menthol cigarette use in 72 cross-classified groups of adults who smoke defined by sex, age, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status; division-level effects were fit with a random intercept. Predicted prevalence was weighted by the total number of adults who smoke in each cross-classified group and aggregated to divisions within demographic subgroup. Estimates were validated against the Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey (TUS-CPS).

resultsOverall modeled prevalence of menthol cigarette use was similar to TUS-CPS estimates. Prevalence among adults who smoke increased in each division from 2002 to 2020. By 2020, prevalence was highest in the Middle (46.3%) and South Atlantic (42.7%) and lowest in the Pacific (25.9%) and Mountain (24.2%) divisions. Prevalence was higher among adults aged 18-29 (vs. 50+) and females (vs. males). Prevalence among non-Hispanic Black people exceeded 80% in the Middle Atlantic, East North Central, West North Central, and South Atlantic in all years and varied most among Hispanic people in 2020 (Pacific: 26.5%, New England: 55.1%).

conclusionsSignificant geographic variation in the prevalence of menthol cigarette use among adults who smoke suggests the proposed US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) menthol cigarette ban will exert differential public health benefits and challenges across geographic and demographic subgroups.

Indexed as

MentholTobacco ProductsAdolescentAdultCensusesFemaleHumansMalePrevalenceSmokingTobacco ControlUnited StatesYoung AdultMentholMenthol cigarettesMulti-level regression and post-stratificationPrevalenceSociodemographicsUnited States

Identifiers

PMID38594706
PMCPMC11005135

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.