ArticleHuman brain mapping2024
Sex, gender diversity, and brain structure in early adolescence.
Article in Human brain mapping, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- Sexually Dimorphic Developmental Trajectories of Cortical and Subcortical Subfields in Early Childhood.International journal of developmental neuroscience : the official journal of the International Society for Developmental Neuroscience · 2026Article
- An Investigation of the Correlation Between Total Intracranial Volume and Body Mass Index.Saudi medical journal · 2026Article
- Sex versus Gender Role Endorsement Associations With White Matter Microstructure in South African Adults: A Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study.Brain and behavior · 2026Article
- How Do Nursing Students Perceive Care Towards the LGBTIQ+ Community? A Phenomenological Study on Sexual and Gender Diversity.Nursing reports (Pavia, Italy) · 2025Article
- Developmental trajectories of gyrification and sulcal morphometrics in children and adolescents at high familial risk for bipolar disorder or schizophrenia.Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2025Article
- "Precision Medicine" and the Failed Search for Binary Brain Sex Differences to Address Gender Behavioral Health Disparities.American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council · 2025Review
- Longitudinal Sex-at-Birth and Age Analyses of Cortical Structure in the ABCD Study.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2025Article
- A Low-Field MRI Dataset For Spatiotemporal Analysis of Developing Brain.Scientific data · 2025Article
- Not so binary or generalizable: Brain sex differences with artificial neural networks.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- More similarity than difference: Comparison of within- and between-sex variance in early adolescent brain structure.Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025Article
- More similarity than difference: comparison of within- and between-sex variance in early adolescent brain structure.Research square · 2024Article
- Sex, gender diversity, and brain structure in early adolescence.Human brain mapping · 2024Article
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6 authors.
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Abstract
There remains little consensus about the relationship between sex and brain structure, particularly in early adolescence. Moreover, few pediatric neuroimaging studies have analyzed both sex and gender as variables of interest-many of which included small sample sizes and relied on binary definitions of gender. The current study examined gender diversity with a continuous felt-gender score and categorized sex based on X and Y allele frequency in a large sample of children ages 9-11 years old (N = 7195). Then, a statistical model-building approach was employed to determine whether gender diversity and sex independently or jointly relate to brain morphology, including subcortical volume, cortical thickness, gyrification, and white matter microstructure. Additional sensitivity analyses found that male versus female differences in gyrification and white matter were largely accounted for by total brain volume, rather than sex per se. The model with sex, but not gender diversity, was the best-fitting model in 60.1% of gray matter regions and 61.9% of white matter regions after adjusting for brain volume. The proportion of variance accounted for by sex was negligible to small in all cases. While models including felt-gender explained a greater amount of variance in a few regions, the felt-gender score alone was not a significant predictor on its own for any white or gray matter regions examined. Overall, these findings demonstrate that at ages 9-11 years old, sex accounts for a small proportion of variance in brain structure, while gender diversity is not directly associated with neurostructural diversity.
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