Evidence map›Paper›PMID 38589662›Full record

ArticleNature biotechnology2025

Genome engineering with Cas9 and AAV repair templates generates frequent concatemeric insertions of viral vectors.

Fabian P Suchy, Daiki Karigane, Yusuke Nakauchi, Maimi Higuchi, Jinyu Zhang, Katja Pekrun, Ian Hsu, Amy C Fan, Toshinobu Nishimura, Carsten T Charlesworth and 6 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Nature biotechnology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
40citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

40 citing papers in PubMed.

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  16. Review
  17. A precision gene-engineered B cell medicine producing sustained levels of active factor IX for hemophilia B therapy.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2026
    Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

16 authors.

Fabian P Suchy *Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. fsuchy@stanford.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7187-5360
Daiki Karigane *Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4017-5193
Yusuke NakauchiInstitute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6943-3811
Maimi HiguchiInstitute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Jinyu ZhangInstitute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Katja PekrunDepartment of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8346-1889
Ian HsuInstitute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1648-5060
Amy C FanInstitute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1612-1862
Toshinobu NishimuraInstitute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5425-1708
Carsten T CharlesworthInstitute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Joydeep BhaduryInstitute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4333-9974
Toshiya NishimuraInstitute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Adam C WilkinsonInstitute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7406-0151
Mark A KayDepartment of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2799-2615
Ravindra Majeti *Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. rmajeti@stanford.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5814-0984
Hiromitsu Nakauchi *Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. nakauchi@stanford.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9841-6973

Funding

Stanford Center for Clinical & Translational Education and Research (Spectrum)UL1TR003142 · NCATS · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI O'HARA, RUTH M · 2019 to 2023
$45.0M
HEPATIC GENE TRANSFER FOR TREATMENT OF HEMOPHILIAS A &BR01HL064274 · NHLBI · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI Mark A Kay · 2000 to 2026
$13.6M
Human Acute Myeloid Leukemia Stem CellsR01CA251331 · NCI · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI MAJETI, RAVINDRA · 2020 to 2024
$1.8M
Understanding the developmental xenobarrierR01DK121851 · NIDDK · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI NAKAUCHI, HIROMITSU · 2020 to 2022
$1.2M
Selectable non-mosaic embryo editingR21OD030009 · OD · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI NAKAUCHI, HIROMITSU · 2020 to 2021
$444k
Frequent concatemeric insertions during AAV6/Cas9-mediated genome editing: Detection and PreventionR21OD030529 · OD · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI MAJETI, RAVINDRA, NAKAUCHI, HIROMITSU · 2021 to 2022
$434k
A synthetic hematopoietic stem cell niche to investigate stemness and hematopathologiesK99HL150218 · NHLBI · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI WILKINSON, ADAM C · 2020 to 2020
$167k
NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR003142NCI NIH HHS R01 CA251331NHLBI NIH HHS K99 HL150218NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL064274NIDDK NIH HHS R01 DK121851NIH HHS R21 OD030009NIH HHS R21 OD030529
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

CRISPR-Cas9 paired with adeno-associated virus serotype 6 (AAV6) is among the most efficient tools for producing targeted gene knockins. Here, we report that this system can lead to frequent concatemeric insertions of the viral vector genome at the target site that are difficult to detect. Such errors can cause adverse and unreliable phenotypes that are antithetical to the goal of precision genome engineering. The concatemeric knockins occurred regardless of locus, vector concentration, cell line or cell type, including human pluripotent and hematopoietic stem cells. Although these highly abundant errors were found in more than half of the edited cells, they could not be readily detected by common analytical methods. We describe strategies to detect and thoroughly characterize the concatemeric viral vector insertions, and we highlight analytical pitfalls that mask their prevalence. We then describe strategies to prevent the concatemeric inserts by cutting the vector genome after transduction. This approach is compatible with established gene editing pipelines, enabling robust genetic knockins that are safer, more reliable and more reproducible.

Indexed as

CRISPR-Cas SystemsDependovirusGene EditingGenetic EngineeringGenetic VectorsGene Knock-In TechniquesHEK293 CellsHumans

Identifiers

PMID38589662
PMCPMC11524221

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.